Remembering “Doc” Wayne C. Temple, Dean of Lincoln Scholars

Wayne Temple and his wife, Springfield, IL, 2016The dean of all Abraham Lincoln scholars passed away on March 31, 2025. He was 101. Wayne Calhoun Temple, known to everyone as “Doc,” celebrated his 101st birthday on February 5th.

Temple was an internationally recognized authority on Abraham Lincoln. He was the Chief Deputy Director of the Illinois State Archives for decades. After serving under Eisenhower in Europe during World War II and receiving an undergraduate degree in engineering, Temple began his career as a historian working as a research assistant under the renowned professor J.G. Randall, then earning master’s and Ph.D. degrees under the direction of Randall and then Richard R. Current. Over the years he was a prolific writer and received many awards, including the “Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial edition of the Order of Lincoln.” He was Editor-in-Chief of the Lincoln Herald, Secretary-Treasurer of the National Lincoln-Civil War Council, on Memorial Bibliography committee for Lincoln Lore, and many other service positions. Temple also was a guest on a Lincoln Documentary produced by PBS and a member of the U.S. Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission’s Advisory Committee to mark the 200th Anniversary of Lincoln’s birth in 2009.

Among his many books are Abraham Lincoln: From Skeptic to Prophet, Lincoln’s Connections with the Illinois-Michigan Canal, Lincoln’s Surgeons at His Assassination, Lincoln’s Travels on the River Queen, and Lincoln’s Confidant: The Life of Noah Brooks.

Those of us in the Lincoln Group of DC who took the tour out to Illinois in 2016 got to meet Wayne Temple in person. He and the late Dick Hart told us stories of their long careers in Lincoln scholarship. I had the privilege of being at his table for dinner and having a long discussion about Lincoln’s connections with the Illinois & Michigan Canal, which I talked about in my own book on Lincoln’s interests in science and technology. Temple was 92 years old at the time and only recently retired from the Illinois State Archives. That’s him and his wife from 2016 in the photo above.

Wayne Temple was the impetus for the Lincoln Day-by-Day project in 1959, which the Lincoln Group of DC helped bring to fruition. In fact, Wayne said he was incredibly proud to have worked with us and acknowledged that Day-by-Day never would have happened without the LGDC. He further suggested that there are plenty of gaps that perhaps we could work to fill in even today.

No doubt much will be said in the next few days as Lincoln scholars and aficionados recount their memories of “the dean,” “Doc” Wayne Temple. I know I will as I recently wrote about my own interactions with him as part of my forthcoming book. He will be missed.

 

[Photo credit: David J. Kent, taken in 2016 in Springfield, IL]

Fire of Genius

Coming in February 2026: Unable to Escape This Toil

Available now – Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

 

Lincoln Stumps for Zachary Taylor for President

Zachary TaylorAbraham Lincoln stood at the podium in the U.S. House of Representative chambers on July 27, 1848. His topic – the presidential question. Notwithstanding the negative reaction to his previous “spot resolutions” speech, Lincoln was still considered an effective speaker and thus was called upon to help convince people that Zachary Taylor was the correct choice as the Whig nominee for president. Lincoln had strongly supported the nomination of Taylor over the aging Henry Clay, previously Lincoln’s beau ideal of a statesman. He even spoke at the nominating convention in favor of Taylor.

Like many Whigs, Lincoln, the one who had so bitterly questioned the rationale for the onset of hostilities with Mexico, realized that winning the next presidential election would mean signing on the great military hero of that war. It was General Zachary Taylor and his troops that first put pressure on Mexico at the beginning of the war, and Taylor’s definitive win over Mexican President and General Santa Anna at the Battle of Buena Vista that led to the war’s end. Taylor seemed to be the only person the public was interested in hiring to be the next chief executive. If the Whigs did not get Taylor to run for them, the Democrats would.

The move seemed decidedly hypocritical. Whig leaders had rightfully gained a reputation in opposition to the war, even though Whigs like Lincoln continued to vote for weapons and resources for the troops. Most Whigs felt the war was a cynical attempt to gain more land onto which slavery could be spread. The inveterate John Quincy Adams, who after his single term as president had toiled nearly two decades in Congress fighting the Slave Powers, was one of fourteen House “irreconcilables” who had voted against the war declaration prior to Lincoln’s arrival in congress.

Further complicating matters was that Henry Clay had offered a fervent antiwar speech in Lexington, Kentucky, which Lincoln witnessed on his way to Congress. Lincoln recognized that the speech would condemn the Whigs to oblivion if they picked Clay instead of Taylor. Ever the vote counter, Lincoln wrote a friend that “Mr. Clay’s chance for an election, is just no chance at all,” going on to enumerate which states Clay likely could not carry. Based on his read of public sentiment, Lincoln noted, “in my judgment, we can elect nobody but Gen. Taylor.”

It took a while for the Whigs to talk Taylor into being their nominee. He was a southerner and a slaveholder, for sure, but nevertheless was not a fan of expanding slavery into the western territories, now doubled in size after the Mexican War. With both parties vying for him to lead their ticket, Taylor at first said he would only agree if he could do so “untrammeled with party obligations or interests of any kind,” the sort of divine elevation that George Washington had enjoyed after the Revolutionary War. Both the Whigs and Democrats quickly disavowed him of that politically naïve delusion. Outgoing President Polk went so far as refer to Taylor as “well-meaning” but also “uneducated, exceedingly ignorant of public affairs, and, I should judge, of very ordinary capacity.” Still, the public wanted him, both parties wanted him, and he had to pick one. Eventually he agreed to sign on with the Whigs, finding them slightly less objectionable than the conservative Democrats of the South. Now it was time to sell him to the Whig party faithful.

Lincoln was headed to New England.

[Adapted from my forthcoming book]

[Photo credit: Public Domain, Wikimedia Commons, unknown, possibly Maguire of New Orleans]

Fire of Genius

Coming in February 2026: Unable to Escape This Toil

Available now – Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

Join Me and Michael Vorenberg for the White House Historical Association History Happy Hour, March 13, 2025

Lincoln's Peace, Michael VorenbergJoin me and author Michael Vorenberg on Thursday, March 13, 2025, for the White House Historical Association’s History Happy Hour. The program is free and begins at 6 pm ETRegister Here to receive the Zoom link.

The White House Historical Association (WHHA) is “a private, nonprofit, educational organization with a mission to enhance the understanding and appreciation of the Executive Mansion.” One of their many initiatives is History Happy Hour, which enables experts to present topics related to the White House and the presidency. True to its name, the Happy Hour begins with a cocktail created by James coming to us from the Publick House in Sturbridge, Massachusetts.

Last year I presented a program for the History Happy Hour on my book, Lincoln: The Fire of Genius, focusing on how Lincoln helped institutionalize science and technology in the federal government [Click the link to watch the video]. This time I will be moderating the program, which features a presentation by Brown University history professor Michael Vorenberg. He’ll be discussing his newest book, Lincoln’s Peace: The Struggle to End the American Civil War. Then I will moderate and lead the Q&A with Michael for the rest of the program.

Again, the program is free, but you’ll need to Register Here to get the Zoom link.

The title of the book, and the cover, is based on “The Peacemakers,” an 1868 painting by George P.A. Healy, which has been an important part of the White House Collection since 1947. The piece depicts President Abraham Lincoln and his top military commanders, Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, and Rear Adm. David D. Porter, seated in the after cabin of the Union steamer River Queen less than a week before the fall of Petersburg, Virginia to plan the end of the Civil War and the nature of the peace terms to follow on March 27, 1865. Two weeks later, Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox.

Although Healy’s painting tells a story of a glorious, peaceful end to the war, through artistic choices, such as the rainbow glowing just beyond Lincoln’s tilted head, Michael Vorenberg’s new book, “Lincoln’s Peace: The Struggle to End the American Civil War,” which bears this image on its cover, reveals an alternative narrative. Within its pages, he details an end filled with chaos and strife rather than one pioneered by peace.

So, how and when did the Civil War? Tune in on Thursday, March 13, 2025, to find out!

[Photo compliments of Michael Vorenberg]

Fire of Genius

Coming in February 2026: Unable to Escape This Toil

Available now – Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

Annual Abraham Lincoln Institute Set for March 22 at Ford’s Theatre – All Invited (and it’s Free)

ALI Promo from Ford's TheatreThe Annual Abraham Lincoln Institute (ALI) Symposium is set for March 22, 2025, at historic Ford’s Theatre in downtown Washington, DC. The full day program starts at 9 am and runs to 5 pm.

All tickets are free but please register in advance on the Ford’s Theater website: https://fords.org/event/abraham-lincoln-institute-symposium/

ALI has been organizing this annual symposium for many years, first at the National Archives and now at Ford’s Theatre. ALI provides free, ongoing education on the life, career, and legacy of President Abraham Lincoln. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., ALI offers resources for educators, governmental and community leaders, and the general public through symposia, seminars, lectures, and special events.

Ford’s Theatre is both a working theater and a national historic site. The box where Lincoln was assassinated is maintained in the condition that it was that night, and Lincoln scholars and the general public alike make pilgrimages to the site. There is also a museum on the lower floor. Standing on the stage gives somewhat of an existential feeling, as if you are transported back in time to that fateful night. For nearly a decade, Ford’s has also generously provided the theater space to the Abraham Lincoln Institute for its annual symposium. I was honored to have been one of the five speakers for the 2023 symposium, during which I presented about my book, Lincoln: The Fire of Genius, and in particular, how Lincoln helped modernize America. This year, 2025, I will again be on stage, this time to introduce one of the speakers.

In 2025, there is another stellar group of scholars to discuss various aspects of Lincoln’s life, the times, and the tensions.

2025 Symposium Speakers

Hilary Green
Unforgettable Sacrifice: How Black Communities Remembered the Civil War

Manisha Sinha
The Rise and Fall of the Second American Republic, 1860-1920

Jon Grinspan
Wide Awake: The Forgotten Force that Elected Lincoln and Spurred the Civil War

Harold Holzer
Brought Forth on This Continent: Abraham Lincoln and American Immigration

Michael Vorenberg
Lincoln’s Peace: The Struggle to End the Civil War

After the final speaker, there will be a panel of all the speakers moderated by one of ALI’s prominent members.

For more information about ALI, check out their website at https://lincoln-institute.org/

To register and reserve your free admission, go to the Ford’s Theatre website at: https://fords.org/event/abraham-lincoln-institute-symposium

[Photo compliments of Ford’s Theatre]

Fire of Genius

Coming in February 2026: Unable to Escape This Toil

Available now – Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

Lincoln, New York City, and Cooper Union

Mathew Brady, February 27, 1860, Public Domain, Wikimedia CommonsIn February 1860, the western-bred Abraham Lincoln must have been astonished by the hustle and bustle around lower New York City. Having crossed the Hudson River from Jersey City to Manhattan, Lincoln made his way to the Astor House, one of most luxurious hotels in New York City, conveniently located near City Hall and Publishers Row (aka, Newspaper Row or Printing House Square) housing the city’s most important newspapers. New York City had grown by over fifty percent just in the last decade, many of whom were immigrants from Ireland, Germany, and other European nations. If Lincoln’s room was on the ground floor of the Astor House, he would have looked out on St. Paul’s Chapel, built in 1766 and where George Washington attended services immediately after taking the oath of office as the first president of the United States. No doubt Lincoln would have looked into the chapel. Today, from a vantage point on Broadway, you can see the new One World Trade Center looming behind the Chapel’s historic spire. From the other side, standing in the burying ground facing the skyscraper, is a “Bell of Hope” rung every year on September 11 to reflect both the mourning of that day and the Chapel’s role as a refuge during that warm, clear cataclysmic day in 2001.

Lincoln’s day was less devastating but also less warm. The weather was frigid and light snow was falling, but the Young Men’s Committee who had taken over sponsorship of his Cooper Union presence took him around Manhattan to see the sights. One stop was Mathew Brady’s photographic emporium, now housed in a temporary studio at 643 Broadway while his new studio was being prepared. Brady was already a celebrity in his own right, and having your photo taken by Brady was quickly becoming a necessity for any up-and-coming politician or social climber. This fit well with Lincoln, who had embraced the new technology of photography within a few years of its invention and had made an effort to have a photograph taken whenever he did anything noteworthy. This certainly fit the requirements and so Lincoln sat for a series of photos, one of the best decisions he would make. Not only would the Cooper Union address itself be widely published in the newspapers, but Brady would also reproduce one of these photos on the new carte-de-visite format, enabling thousands of copies to be made, sold, and broadly circulated. While many historians today refer to Cooper Union as “the speech that made Lincoln president,” the Brady photograph accentuated that by putting a face in front of the public at large. To these two I would add a third component that worked in synergy to make Lincoln president – publication of the Lincoln-Douglas debates in book form. And, of course, there was his post-Cooper Union tour of New England.

Having expected to speech at Beecher’s church to a religiously abolitionist crowd, Lincoln begged away from his tour guides and the many impromptu visitors to lock himself in his hotel room and edit his speech for an audience likely to expect a more erudite speech. Eventually he was escorted by carriage to Cooper Union, which despite the snow was reasonably well attended, about 1,500 people. He was introduced by William Cullen Bryant. Starting slowly, as was his habit, he quickly got into his material and held the audience enrapt for the next one and half hours.

I wrote previously about the gist of the speech, which you can read in this earlier post.

[Photo credit: By Mathew Brady, February 27, 1860 – Public Domain, Wikimedia Commons, ID: cph 3a0910]

Fire of Genius

 

Coming in February 2026: Unable to Escape This Toil

Available now – Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

Abraham Lincoln Goes to New York: Albany, NY, That Is

By German, Christopher S. - Library of Congress, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25149728The newly bearded President-Elect Abraham Lincoln is making his way from Springfield, Illinois to Washington for his inauguration as president of the United States. But today, February 18, 1861, he was spending an eventful day traveling to Albany, New York.

It was a long train ride, having left Springfield on February 11th, he had passed through pars of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and now to Buffalo, New York. He had spent the day yesterday in Buffalo with former President Millard Fillmore, joining him at church before picking up Mrs. Lincoln and dining at Fillmore’s residence. Today, several hundred people and a military escort watch Lincoln’s train depart at the weary hour of 5:45 am. New-York Tribune editor Horace Greeley is on board with Lincoln as the train makes stops in the New York towns of Batavia, Rochester (where Frederick Douglass may or may not have seen him), Clyde, Syracuse, Utica, Little Falls, Fonda, Amsterdam, and Schenectady. NY Governor Edwin D. Morgan has assigned five members of his staff to accompany Lincoln, who dines in a special car fitted for dinner on a train used a few months previously by the Prince of Wales (Lincoln’s son, Robert, is not so complementarily labeled, the “Prince of Rails”).

At Syracuse, a crowd of 10,000 waits by a platform erected in front of the Globe Hotel, only to be disappointed when Lincoln speaks from the back of train instead. By this time, he is exhausted and, while he acknowledges remarks by the mayor of Utica, does not rise to speak on a platform built for that purpose in Schenectady.

But then there is Albany, capital of the state. After exchanging short speeches on the train platform with Mayor George H. Thatcher, Lincoln rides to the state Capitol to be welcomed by the governor. Here he addresses a joint meeting of the state legislature, saying:

“It is true that while I hold myself without mock modesty, the humblest of all individuals that have ever been elevated to the Presidency, I have a more difficult task to perform than any one of them. . . . I still have confidence that the Almighty, the Maker of the Universe will . . . bring us through this as He has through all the other difficulties of our country.”

Then it is off to the Delavan House, his home for the evening, where he meets with Thurlow Weed (a William Seward handler) and is greeted by the Rail Splitters political club. A committee escorts him to call on various New York dignitaries and sightseeing. Afterwards, the Lincoln and Governor Morgan families have an evening meal at the governor’s mansion. But he isn’t done yet. At 9 pm he is back at the Delavan House for a levee (aka, a meet-and-greet party) at which he greets about 1,000 people. Then he also visits a separate levee held for ladies.

Finally, he can get some rest. But not much. He and Mrs. Lincoln will leave Albany at 7:45 am the next morning, and as reported by journalist Henry Villard, “grateful for safe deliverance and resolved never to return,” because a rivalry between the governor and members of the legislature for the honor of entertaining Lincoln has made their visit burdensome. Tomorrow the family will continue to New York City, making stops in Rhinebeck, Hudson, Poughkeepsie, Fishkill, and Peekskill before finally arriving in New York City mid-afternoon.

There is still a long way to go before getting to Washington. And there is a murder plot afoot trying to keep that from happening.

 

[Photo credit: By German, Christopher S. – Library of Congress, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25149728]

Fire of Genius

 

Coming in February 2026: Unable to Escape This Toil

Available now – Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

Abraham Lincoln and the Slave Trader

Abraham LincolnWhile Abraham Lincoln had a well-deserved reputation as a soft touch during the Civil War, readily finding excuses to offer mercy to Union soldiers who had fallen asleep or abandoned their posts, he also approved the hanging of the only slave trader ever to be executed by the United States. Captain Nathaniel Gordon was a repeat offender, caught with nearly 900 enslaved men, women, and children crammed into the tiny space below decks off the coast of Congo. But Gordon wasn’t particularly worried. For the first 40+ years of the law that made international slave trading illegal and punishable by death, no man was ever executed. Why now? And why by Lincoln?

Lincoln’s personal secretary, John Hay, once said that he was “amused at the eagerness with which the President caught at any fact which would justify him in saving the life” of a condemned man despite a War Department policy to use executions as a deterrent to other soldiers considering going absent without leave. Others also noted that Lincoln always leaned toward mercy. Even in his legal career, he called on lawyers to “discourage litigation” as “there will still be business enough.”

But while he often had a soft spot for minor offenses, he could be hard as stone in cases of brutality against women and breaking the law ending international slave trading. According to Judge Advocate General Joseph Holt, Lincoln was “prompt to punish…outrages upon women” and other abuses. He could allow for mistakes, but not wanton cruelty.

Nathaniel Gordon had been captured in the act of transporting Africans to become slaves in August of 1860, months before Lincoln’s election as president. Of the 897 captives taken, 563 were children, which he preferred because they were unlikely to rise up to free themselves. His first trial ended in a split jury, the result of bribery, but in the second trial in September 1861 he was convicted and sentenced to death. Still, Gordon and his supporters expected that he would be given clemency, just as every slave trader before them had received. Indeed, there were hundreds of prominent politicians and merchants writing Lincoln on Gordon’s behalf.

On February 4, 1862, when the execution was nearing, Lincoln wrote a letter that caught many off-guard. Lincoln acknowledged the pressure put on him:

And whereas, a large number of respectable citizens have earnestly besought me to commute the said sentence of the said Nathaniel Gordon to a term of imprisonment for life, which application I have felt it to be my duty to refuse;

Anticipating that Gordon expected a much different outcome and thus had not fully prepared himself mentally for execution, Lincoln gave Gordon not a commutation, but a pause:

Now, therefore, be it known, that I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States of America, have granted and do hereby grant unto him, the said Nathaniel Gordon, a respite of the above recited sentence, until Friday the twenty-first day of February, A.D. 1862, between the hours of twelve o’clock at noon and three o’clock in the afternoon of the said day, when the said sentence shall be executed.

In granting this respite, it becomes my painful duty to admonish the prisoner that, relinquishing all expectation of pardon by Human Authority, he refer himself alone to the mercy of the common God and Father of all men.

Gordon was executed on the revised date.

Yes, Lincoln tended toward mercy. But he also understood that some crimes rose above the norm. They were crimes against humanity and required strong, definitive punishment as deterrent to similar choices by other actors. A common denominator was the cruelty, which Lincoln could not abide.

Nathaniel Gordon was the first slave trader to be executed. He was also the last. As the Civil War shifted toward ultimate United States victory over Confederate insurrectionists, Lincoln’s support would lead to the 13th Amendment banning slavery everywhere in the United States, now and forever. The work of reaching full equality would remain, as racist forces would continue – and still continue – to deny constitutional freedom and equality to large segments of Americans. Clearly, if he were alive today, Lincoln would be a force for freedom, for equality, and even more adamantly against insurrection and treason.

[I highly recommend a book by Ron Soodalter called Hanging Captain Gordon.]

[Photo from WikiMedia Commons]

Fire of Genius

 

Coming in February 2026: Unable to Escape This Toil

Available now – Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

Abraham Lincoln and the Illinois & Michigan Canal That Made Chicago

Illinois & Michigan CanalAbraham Lincoln was a steady proponent of Internal Improvements projects in Illinois. That said, there were problems. The few projects initiated randomly to encourage widespread district support resulted in a hodgepodge of disconnected rail lines, many of which ran only a few miles to nowhere in particular. Most projects simply disappeared.

The one notable exception was the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Lincoln had earlier proposed a Beardstown and Sangamon Canal, which was authorized but later abandoned when an engineering survey determined the cost to be at least four times the initial estimate. Lincoln again was the one who proposed the Illinois and Michigan canal bill in the state legislature, which passed by a 40–12 vote. As the financial crisis wiped out the possibility of more and more improvement projects, Lincoln narrowed in his focus to insist the Illinois and Michigan Canal be completed. He saw that canal as a vital cog in the machinery of commerce.

Lincoln realized much of the reason British industrialization was up to a century ahead of other western nations was their scientific tradition, a Protestant work ethic, a high degree of religious tolerance, ample supplies of coal, and efficient transportation networks of roads and canals. He saw the same dynamic with the Erie Canal, which ran for 363 miles from the upper Hudson River in Albany, New York, to Lake Erie. Now goods from Europe and New England could enter New York Harbor, travel up the Hudson River, and be transported across New York by a navigable canal rather than having to offload goods into small wagons prone to weather-induced delays. This ease of transportation helped New York become a hub of domestic and international commerce. It also facilitated the growth of central and northern Illinois, in particular Chicago, which grew from a small hamlet of two thousand to a thriving metropolis.

The Erie Canal was completed in 1825 under the direction of New York Governor DeWitt Clinton. Lincoln later told his close friend Joshua Speed that it was “his highest ambition to be the DeWitt Clinton of Illinois.” The soon-to-be governor of New York, William Seward, also favored internal improvements for his state and engineered development of the Genesee Valley Canal. Lincoln knew that the Erie Canal project had been ridiculed as “Clinton’s Folly,” but he understood the completed canal had been a huge success, carrying vast amounts of passenger and freight traffic and initiating an economic boom for the state. Lincoln saw the Illinois and Michigan Canal as accomplishing the same for Illinois.

The Illinois and Michigan Canal would run from Chicago to LaSalle, where it would connect via the Illinois River through to the Mississippi River. With the Erie Canal already bringing East Coast commerce into the Great Lakes, the new canal would effectively open up all of the northeast trade down the Mississippi to New Orleans. Lincoln believed the canal would stimulate substantial economic growth in Illinois as businesses grew in townships along the route and more settlers moved into the improved western economy. It would turn out to be a stimulus for the rapid growth of Chicago.

Lincoln approved the hiring of William Gooding, who had previously worked on the Erie Canal, to be chief engineer on the Illinois and Michigan. After his state legislative career ended, Lincoln went on to serve as a commissioner for the canal, from which perch he would deal with claims from businessmen and citizenry for many years. Mismanagement almost killed the canal, just as it was derailing other internal improvements in the state, but unlike other projects, the Illinois and Michigan Canal became a Lincoln success story. Construction began in 1836 and, after a hiatus caused by the financial panic of 1837, was completed in 1848, just in time for Lincoln to travel the canal on his way home after visiting Niagara Falls. Eventually sixty feet wide with towpaths on each edge for mules to pull barges through the canal, it provided a vital infrastructure for the economic growth of the region until it was replaced by the Illinois Waterway in 1933.

[Map photo from WikiMedia Commons; text adapted from Lincoln: The Fire of Genius]

Fire of Genius

 

Coming in February 2026: Unable to Escape This Toil

Available now – Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

Lincoln and the Balloons of War

Thaddeus Lowe balloonAbraham Lincoln was always interested in technology, so when the Civil War arrived as soon as he was inaugurated, he worked hard to convince the usually conservative military to employ the latest technological advances. One such advance caused him to look to the skies to give every advantage to Union troops. That was the use of balloons in war.

Researcher Charles M. Evans notes that Pennsylvanian John Wise is often credited with being the first American to make significant contributions to the science of ballooning, including atmospheric conditions and construction. He was joined early in the war by James Allen. But it was Thaddeus Lowe who had the most success engaging Lincoln and getting a contract to form an air corps. Lowe hooked up with Smithsonian Secretary Joseph Henry, and on June 11, 1861, they walked over to the White House impressed Lincoln enough to gain his support. Lincoln repeatedly tried to get his first secretary of war, Simon Cameron, and General-in-Chief Winfield Scott to employ Lowe. Lincoln wrote General Scott on July 25, 1861, saying, “Will Lieut. Genl. Scott please see Professor Lowe, once more about his balloon.” When Scott still failed to act, Lincoln reportedly became more assertive, ordering Scott to “facilitate his work in every way.” Lowe eventually fielded a dozen balloons and made over three thousand ascensions using tethered balloons inflated by portable hydrogen gas generators. Lincoln gave Lowe the civilian title of chief aeronaut of the Union Army.

Lowe was an effective self-promoter who knew whose favors to garner. Joseph Henry had gotten him in the front door, Lincoln had gotten him a contract with General Scott, and his greatest use of balloons for reconnaissance was during General McClellan’s Peninsula campaign. To ingratiate himself with McClellan, Lowe put a picture of the general on the back of one of his biggest balloons, the Intrepid. But Lowe used another gimmick—he ran a telegraph line to the tethered balloon to report back in real time enemy troop numbers and movements. To ensure he maintained connection with the highest authority, on June 16, 1861, Lowe lifted his balloon Enterprise up near the White House and sent a telegraph to Lincoln: “This point of observation commands an area near fifty miles in diameter. . . . I have the pleasure of sending you this first dispatch ever telegraphed from an aerial station and in acknowledging indebtedness to your encouragement for the opportunity of demonstrating the availability of the science of aeronautics in the military service of the country.”

There were others who promoted balloons to Lincoln, although he quickly realized that some of them were cranks. Beginning early in 1861 and continuing throughout the Civil War, the prolific Edward L. Tippett sent many letters to Lincoln touting every possible invention, including balloons for warfare. One letter seemed to have caught Lincoln at a bad time in February 1865. In a long rambling letter, Tippett wanted the opportunity to demonstrate to Lincoln “the practicability; by a mathematical problem, easy to understand; of the absolute existence, of a self-moving machine, yet to be developed for the glory of God, and the happiness of the human family.” Unimpressed, Lincoln endorsed the outside of the envelope: “Tippett: Crazy Man.”

[Adapted from my book, Lincoln: The Fire of Genius]

[Photo of Intrepid balloon from WikiMedia Commons]

Fire of Genius

 

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You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.