Search Results for: lincoln tesla

No comments

Lincoln Calls Out the President for an “Illegal” War

  By

Abraham Lincoln photoOn February 1, 1848, Congressman Abraham Lincoln wrote his law partner, William Herndon, in response to a critical letter Herndon had written him. Herndon had complained that Lincoln’s “spot” resolutions of the previous December calling out President James K. Polk for starting an “illegal” war with Mexico as a pretense for taking massive amounts of land so that the United States could expand slavery. The resolutions called for Polk to explain the exact “spot” on which he claimed Mexico had “invaded” the United States. Polk and virtually everyone else ignored Lincoln and nothing happened with the bill. Herndon noted that there was a danger that Lincoln’s resolutions could paint him as not being supportive of the troops. Lincoln sought to set him straight – being against the war did not mean he didn’t support the troops, for whom he had repeatedly voted to provision.

In Lincoln’s response he tells Herndon:

That vote affirms that the war was unnecessarily and unconstitutionally commenced by the President; and I will stake my life, that if you had been in my place, you would have voted just as I did. Would you have voted what you felt you knew to be a lie? I know you would not…Richardson’s resolutions, introduced before I made any move, or gave any vote upon the subject, make the direct question of the justice of the war; so that no man can be silent if he would. You are compelled to speak; and your only alternative is to tell the truth or tell a lie. I can not doubt which you would do.

Lincoln adds that:

This vote, has nothing to do, in determining my votes on the questions of supplies. I have always intended, and still intend, to vote supplies…

He also claims that he is not alone in calling out the unconstitutionality of President Polk’s actions:

As to the Whig men who have participated in the war, so far as they have spoken to my hearing, they do not hesitate to denounce, as unjust, the Presidents conduct in the beginning of the war. 

The spot resolutions did create a negative view of Lincoln back in Illinois. He hadn’t planned on running for a second term anyway (there had been an agreement to rotate the position among Whig hopefuls), but the blowback from the resolutions and a poorly run campaign by his proposed successor led to the Whigs losing the seat in the next election. Lincoln would be out of political office for the next dozen years before being elected President of the United States.

Lincoln was a freshman congressman, who normally are expected to sit in the back of the room, keep their mouths shut, and vote the way the party tells them to vote. Lincoln felt he could not remain silent and was compelled to speak out against the decisions of a sitting president whose actions he believed to be unjust and unconstitutional.

Our representatives must speak out against injustice. Lincoln did.

[Photo of Abraham Lincoln at the time he was in Congress]

Fire of Genius

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

No comments

Abraham Lincoln and China

  By ,

Gerat Wall of China, David J. Kent, 2000On January 23, 1864, Lincoln sent to the U.S. Senate papers relative to the modification of our treaty with China. China had been an important, but sometimes difficult, relationship during the Civil War. While he didn’t spend that much time on it, Lincoln did have several interactions and official duties. In this 1864 letter, he writes:

To the Senate of the United States: January 23, 1864

I transmit to the Senate a copy of a dispatch of the 12th. of April, last, addressed by Anson Burlingame, Esquire, the Minister of the United States to China, to the Secretary of State, relative to a modification of the 21st. article of the Treaty between the United States and China of the 18th. of June 1858, a printed copy of which is also herewith transmitted. These papers are submitted to the consideration of the Senate with a view to their advice and consent being given to the modification of the said Twenty-first article as explained in the said dispatch and its accompaniments.

Washington, 23d. January, 1864. ABRAHAM LINCOLN

Burlingame had previously notified Lincoln that the existing agreement signed in 1858 needed to be modified “as to permit duties to be paid when goods are re-exported from any one of the free ports of China….” The U.S. Senate consented to the modification in February 1864. Lincoln had reported in his annual addresses to Congress in December 1861, 1862, and 1863 that “very favorable relations also continue to be maintained with Turkey, Morocco, China, and Japan.” However, by 1864, Lincoln was reporting that a rebellion in China was causing some level of concern. “The judicial consular establishment there has become very difficult and onerous, and it will need legislative revision to adapt it to the extension of our commerce, and to the more intimate intercourse which has been instituted with the government and people of that vast empire. China seems to be accepting with hearty good-will the conventional laws which regulate commercial and social intercourse among the western nations.

Burlingame served as Minister to China from 1862 to 1867. He had originally been assigned by Lincoln to Austria but the government there rejected him because of his opinions on Hungary and Sardinia, then at odds with Austria, and so was appointed to China instead.

Back in the 1850s, Burlingame had become embroiled in the infamous caning of Charles Sumner incident. A former Know Nothing, he had joined the newly formed Republican Party along with Lincoln. After South Carolina Representative Preston Brooks brutally beat Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner nearly to death, Massachusetts Representative Burlingame delivered his “most celebrated speech,” a scathing denunciation of Brooks, who he denounced as “the vilest sort of coward.” Not surprisingly, the violent Brooks challenged Burlingame to a duel, which Burlingame eagerly accepted. As the challenged party, and an expert marksman, he chose rifles and the Canadian side of Niagara Falls (dueling was illegal in the United States). Brooks chickened out. The non-duel, along with his defense of a fellow Bostonian, greatly raised Burlingame’s stature in the North. Lincoln recognized this and thus sought to appoint him to an important ambassadorship. Hence his move to China.

The last apparent mention of Lincoln’s interactions with China was on February 17, 1865, when he approved an act to authorize the establishment of ocean mail service between the U.S. and China.

[Photo of the Great Wall of China by David J. Kent, December 2000]

Fire of Genius

 

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

No comments

Lincoln, Science, and the Sand Bar Case

  By

Lincoln at Cooper Union, Mathew Brady photographOn January 5, 1858, Abraham Lincoln wrote to Robert A. Kinzie of Chicago regarding the case of Johnston v. Jones and Marsh, commonly called the Sand Bar Case. The case was revealing because, in an age where trial transcripts were almost never kept, journalist Robert Hitt was paid to sit through the entire trial and create a comprehensive 482-page trial transcript, although he omitted the closing arguments.

The case revolved around the accretion of new land created by various efforts to turn Lake Michigan’s shoreline at Chicago into a practical harbor, something nature had not designed it to do. Channels were dug, piers were built, and a great deal of sand was dredged. Eventually, Chicago had a harbor. In 1833, the government cut a channel across lakefront lots owned separately by William Johnston and William Jones. A newly erected pier caused the accretion of nearly 1,200 feet of new land, roughly six acres, which both Johnston and Jones claimed as their own. After four trials, the last of which found for Johnston, Jones appealed to the Supreme Court, which reversed the judgment and sent it back to the lower courts. At this point, Jones retained Lincoln while Johnston had retained Kinzie.

A legal colleague, while not specifically talking about the Sand Bar Case, seemed to capture the flavor of it when he called Lincoln “an admirable tactician” who “steered this jury from the bayous and eddies of side issues and kept them clear of the snags and sand bars, if any were put in the real channel of his case.” Fellow lawyer Leonard Swett also suggested Lincoln had a knack for focusing the juror on the key question while minimizing the rest. “By giving away six points and carrying the seventh, he carried the case.”

Lincoln demonstrated this Euclidean logic and technical expertise in a letter to Johnson’s attorney Robert Kinzie before the trial, querying him on such technical matters as the intersection of the pier, the accreted new lakeshore, and the properties in question, as well as the timing of the land formation and any changes since the initial pier was erected. Specifically, he asked:

1. Could you now certainly designate the point where the North side of the North pier, and the Lake shore met, before the new land began to form?

2. How long was it after the pier had reached that point, and continued Eastward, into the Lake, before the made land had formed, and filled in Eastward, on the North side of the pier, as much as sixty feet?

3. Do you remember whether any new land had formed at the time you sold and gave a bond to Hubbard? and if any had then formed, how much?

4. Do you remember whether any new land had formed at the time you deeded to Johnson & if any, how much?

5. At the time you laid out the addition, how far was it from where the South side of Water-Street struck the Lake Shore, down Southward along the Lake shore to where the East line of Lot 35 struck it?

I shall be greatly obliged, if you will answer these questions.

During the trial, Lincoln’s background in surveying helped him cross-examine the surveyor George Snow, catching that there were two maps created, each one alternatively benefiting the claims of the two litigants. The trial lasted eleven days, after which the jury sided with Jones. Lincoln’s questioning of the land surveys was key to winning the case.

He was paid $350 for his services (about $11,600 today).

[Adapted from Lincoln: The Fire of Genius]

[Photo by Mathew Brady, public domain]

Fire of Genius

 

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

One Comment

Abraham Lincoln Book Acquisitions For 2023

  By

Books 2019The year is nearing an end, which means it is time to check in on my Abraham Lincoln book acquisitions for 2023. As with recent years, my goal has been to reduce the number of books I buy. I may have actually ended the year with less books than I started with despite acquiring 37 additional Lincoln (and Lincoln-ish) books. You can read about past years acquisitions by scrolling through this link.

So, how might I have reduced the number of Lincoln books? Mostly because many of the books in the house belong to the Lincoln Group of DC. In addition to our Zoom-based meetings, we had four in-person meetings – three dinners and a luncheon – during the course of the year. At each we either held a raffle or gave away books to our members as a perk of membership. It’s a good chance to get Lincoln books in the hands of a bunch of Lincoln aficionados. We also donated books to the annual Lincoln Forum event in Gettysburg, which allows people to scavenge the donation table. In both cases, any proceeds collected go to our organizations’ support for scholarships. I don’t have a hard count on the number of books but likely it was around a hundred that found new homes. I’ll continue the process in 2024.

Of course, none of that does anything for reducing my personal book collection since I keep the Lincoln Group books separate and they are not listed on my spreadsheet of books owned (which currently has 1,724 rows, with some rows reflecting multiple volume books). I also only count my own books, Lincoln: The Fire of Genius and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America, once even though I still have a box or three of each still available (Hint: I can sign books ordered directly from me).

In 2022 I acquired 34 books, so the 37 new ones in 2023 are in the same ballpark. Both are less than in the years before that. While I managed to purchase fewer books (22 of the 37), those were augmented by 15 books I received as gifts or in trade or from publishers wanting book reviews. The number of free books is smaller because I am no longer on the ALI book award review committee (although maybe I will be again in 2024).

Publication dates of the books acquired range from 1891 (Chittenden’s Recollections on President Lincoln and His Administration, a gift from my cousin; and yes, it is an actual book from 1891) to 2023. Most of the books are new, i.e., published in 2023, which isn’t surprising given that some are from publishers and there were a lot of good books out this year that I just had to own. There were also four each published in 2022 and 2021. Two of the books I acquired were from the Southern Illinois Press’s Concise Lincoln Library series. The series editor won a special Lincoln Forum book award in November for its collection of about 30 volumes on various topics. Even with these two new ones I still have only about half the series. Three new acquisitions are Lincoln-related novels. House of Lincoln delves into the household from a servant’s perspective. Henry and Clara follows the chaotic lives (and deaths) of the couple who accompanied Lincoln to the theater that fateful night. By far the most intriguing was One Must Tell the Bees by J. Lawrence Matthews, in which Sherlock Holmes (yes, that Sherlock Holmes) recounts his previously secret early life in the Civil War solving the riddle of who was stealing gunpowder and tracking down John Wilkes Booth. Blending that with his late in life resolution of yet another mysterious murder in England makes for a clever juxtaposition. Since I’ve always been a Sherlock Holmes fan in addition to Lincoln historian, I was delighted by this well-written and entertaining novel.

Given my science background it shouldn’t surprise anyone that some of the books this year had “science in the Civil War” themes. They include Sand, Science, and the Civil War by Scott Hippensteel, Soldiers, Spies, & Steam by Scott Mingus, and The Science of James Smithson by Steven Turner. There were also books about people who are important to Lincoln’s presidency and the Civil War. Among them are two books on Massachusetts Senator Henry Wilson, a book about James Shields (of almost-duel fame and much more), and Benjamin Butler (the Civil War general and much more). I also picked up a book called No Common Ground by Karen L. Cox about what to do with Confederate monuments. I finished the year with two books by Nancy Spannaus about Alexander Hamilton and the American System of economics. Hamilton Versus Wall Street acquired in February delves into the economic system of internal improvements that Lincoln favored (and I discuss in detail in my Fire of Genius book). Then her newest book in early December, Defeating Slavery, shows how Hamilton’s American System showed the way to ending slavery (and how the abandoning of it by Andrew Jackson and others delayed slavery’s demise and hurt the economy). Both are intensely researched and well written.

There were “big name” books also out in 2023. Long-time NPR host Steve Inskeep’s Differ We Must explores how Lincoln learned from, and dealt with, people with whom he disagreed. Some he convinced to see things his way; others agreed to disagree. Columnist Joshua Zeitz, whose previous book, Lincoln’s Boys, about John Hay and John Nicolay was highly regarded, tackled with less success Lincoln’s views on religion and morality in Lincoln’s God. One of my most recent acquisitions is Brian McGinty’s Lincoln in California, which as the title suggests digs into a topic rarely discussed. I haven’t read this one yet but it’s on the top of my list to start the new year. I also picked up books by Walter Stahr (Stanton), whose tomes on individual members of Lincoln’s cabinet have become iconic, and Sarah Vowell’s fun yet informative Assassination Vacation, an older book following her road trips to the sites surrounding assassinations of Lincoln, Garfield, and McKinley. BTW, for those not familiar with the name, you’ve probably heard Vowell’s voice as Violet in The Incredibles movies, as well as on radio and TV.

By far the most famous and sales-successful book in 2023 was Democracy Awakening by Heather Cox Richardson. HCR, as she is affectionately known by those in the know, is a professor at Boston College who became a household name thanks to her “Letters from an American” series. These daily letters, which appear on her Substack platform and Facebook, welcome millions of followers and have highlighted her exemplary career as an historian and ability to relate history to current events. Democracy Awakening continues her letters’ theme by delving into the attacks on American democracy throughout our history, up to and continuing in the current attempts to replace democracy with an authoritarian regime. The book is breathtaking in its capture of two Americas – one that sees the Constitution as applying to everyone versus one that sees America consisting of those who should lead and those who should just shut up and toil. Her second section on the existential crisis begun around 2016 is simply stunning. All of it impeccably documented. This is a must-read book.

As you can see in the list that follows my signature block below, I acquired many more notable books in 2023.

I will likely continue my attempt to reduce the number of books in 2024, although I’m sure to acquire a lot of new ones to offset the losses. I’m always doing research for possible new books I want to write, so some of the acquisitions may reflect that goal as well as my inability to stay away from the big new books of the year (one of which I know I’ll get is Harold Holzer’s latest, Brought Forth on This Continent, about Lincoln and American Immigration, due out in February). I have only a couple more weeks left in 2023 to find the shelf space. Wish me luck.

See the 2023 list showing author/title/publication date below my signature blurb below.

Fire of Genius

 

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

 

Here is the 2022 list! [Author, Title, Date of Publication]

Abbott, Richard H. Cobbler in Congress: The Life of Henry Wilson, 1812-1875 1972
Callan, J.P. Sean Courage and Country: James Shields, More Than Irish Luck 2004
Chittenden, L.E. Recollections of President Lincoln and His Administration 1891
Cox, Karen L. No Common Ground: Confederate Monuments and the Ongoing Fight for Racial Justice 2021
Dirck, Brian Lincoln and the Constitution 2012
Farrow, Anne, Lang, Joel, and Frank, Jenifer Complicity: How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and Profited from Slavery 2005
Hippensteel, Scott Sand, Science, and the Civil War: Sedimentary Geology and Combat 2023
Horan, Nancy The House of Lincoln 2023
Hord, Fred Lee and Norman, Matthew D. Knowing Him By Heart: African Americans on Abraham Lincoln 2023
Inskeep, Steve Differ We Must: How Lincoln Succeeded in a Divided America 2023
Kaplan, Fred Lincoln and the Abolitionists: John Quincy Adams, Slavery, and the Civil War 2017
Lapisardi, Emily (Ed.) Rose Greenhow’s My Imprisonment 2021
Leonard, Elizabeth D. Benjamin Franklin Butler: A Noisy, Fearless Life 2022
Mallon, Thomas Henry and Clara: A Novel 1994
Matthews, J. Lawrence One Must Tell the Bees: Abraham Lincoln and the Final Education of Sherlock Holmes 2021
McCreary, Donna D. Mary Lincoln Demystified: Frequently Asked Questions about Abraham’s Wife 2022
McGinty, Brian Lincoln & Califonia: The President, the War, and the Golden State 2023
McKay, Ernest Henry Wilson: Practical Radical, A Portrait of a Politician 1971
Miller, Lillian et al The Lazzaroni: Science and Scientists in Mid-Nineteenth Century Ameica 1972
Mingus, Scott Soldiers, Spies & Steam: A History of the Northern Central Railway in the Civil War 2016
O’Connor, Thomas H. Lords of the Loom: The Cotton Whigs and the Coming of the Civil War 1968
Page, Elwin L., Introduced and updated by Pride, Mike Abraham Lincoln in New Hampshire 2009
Richardson, Heather Cox Democracy Awakening: Notes on the State of America 2023
Rodrique, John C. Lincoln and Reconstruction 2013
Sher, Julian The North Star: Canada and the Civil War Plots Against Lincoln 2023
Silver, David M. Lincoln’s Supreme Court 1998
Soini, Wayne Abraham Lincoln, American Prince: Ancestry, Ambition and the Anti-Slavery Cause 2022
Spannous, Nancy Bradeen Hamilton Versus Wall Street: The Core Principles of the American System of Economics 2019
Spannous, Nancy Bradeen Defeating Slavery: Hamilton’s American System Showed the Way 2023
Stahr, Walter Stanton: Lincoln’s War Secretary 2017
Steers, Edward Jr. The Lincoln Tree: 300 Years of Lincoln Ancestry, 1500 to 1837 2023
Stewart, Whitney Hildene: The Lincoln Family Home, Values into Action 2019
Thomson, David K. Bonds of War: How Civil War Financial Agents Sold the World on the Union 2022
Turner, Steven The Science of James Smithson: Discoveries from the Smithsonian Founder 2020
Vowell, Sarah Assassination Vacation 2005
Wasik, John F. Lincolnomics: How President Lincoln Constructed the Great American Economy 2021
Zeitz, Joshua Lincoln’s God: How Faith Transformed a President and a Nation 2023
No comments

Lincoln, Faust, and Depression

  By ,

By Anton Kaulbach - This file was derived from: Anton Kaulbach Faust und Mephisto.jpg:, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74580425On December 5, 1864, President Lincoln, with Mrs. Lincoln, Secretary of State Seward, and Secretaries Nicolay and Hay, attends Grover’s Theatre for a performance of Charles Gounod’s Faust performed by the Grand German Opera Company.

Abraham Lincoln had a particular affinity for the fable of Faust. The Faust of German legend is an intellectual scholar, highly successful but rather bored and dissatisfied with his life. He falls into melancholia and, in a bout of severe depression, tries unsuccessfully to take his own life. Failing in that, he begs the Devil to give him “magical powers with which he can indulge in all the pleasure and knowledge of the world.” Being a shrewd bargainer, the Devil appears in the form of Mephistopheles to serve Faust with his powers for a set number of years, after which Faust must give up his soul to eternal damnation.

Hardly a light day at the office.

Most people know that Lincoln was also prone to bouts of melancholy, and on one occasion his depression got so deep that his friends put him on 24-hour suicide watch. But most people do not know that Lincoln, who was not himself able to play music, was still a lover of music played by others. He liked much of the popular music of the day – ballads, jocular minstrel songs, and even the song Dixie. He also enjoyed opera, and one of his favorite songs was the soldier’s chorus in Charles Gounod’s operatic version of Faust. Gounod’s opera is based on the two-part tragic play written by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, considered by many to be one of the greatest works of German literature.

Interestingly, the legend of Faust has come to mean people giving up their integrity to ambition in order to achieve undue power and success for some defined period of time. That hardly describes Lincoln given his long history of integrity – he had been given the nickname Honest Abe at a relatively young age. More likely Lincoln was attracted to Faust both for the quality of the opera and to garner some insight into the machinations of his overly ambitious Generals and Salmon P. Chase, the Secretary of the Treasury who worked behind Lincoln’s back in an attempt to replace him as the 1864 nominee for President.

Lincoln is said to have dealt with the grief of his son Willie’s death in the White House in 1862 by borrowing a copy of Goethe’s Faust from the Library of Congress. The main character’s trials may have helped Lincoln cope with his own great loss. The original play is written largely in rhymed verse – an epic lyrical poem – in Goethe’s native German. Lincoln obviously would have read an English translation.

Nikola Tesla, the famed Serbian-American inventor, on the other hand, read Goethe’s Faust in its original language; he could speak eight languages fluently. More on that in my e-book, Abraham Lincoln & Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

[Photo: By Anton Kaulbach – This file was derived from: Anton Kaulbach Faust und Mephisto.jpg:, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74580425]

Fire of Genius

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

 

No comments

The Lincoln Forum at Gettysburg

  By ,

Gettysburg National Cemetery

Abraham Lincoln famously gave his Gettysburg Address on November 19, 1863, at what is now the National Cemetery. A commemoration is held every year on that date with prominent speakers, reenactors, and musicians. For Lincoln scholars and aficionados, the days leading up to the 19th are the annual Lincoln Forum. I’ve been privileged enough to attend the Forum every year since 2014, including this past week.

I arrived early morning on November 16th and joined colleagues at the Lincoln Diner in downtown Gettysburg for a robust breakfast. About twenty of us then headed out to the National Cemetery for a fascinating private tour by my colleague Scott Schroeder exploring the mysteries of who took the half dozen extant photos of the dedication. And that was before the Forum even began!

The Lincoln Forum officially begins with happy hour and dinner on the 16th. This year featured NPR’s Morning Edition host, Steve Inskeep, whose most recent book, Differ We Must, explored how Lincoln deftly interacted with those people who disagreed with him. I was lucky enough to have a short conversation with him and get a photo.

Me with Steve Inskeep

The first full day brought an amazing slate of speakers, such as Ron White, Craig Symonds, Kate Masur, and Forum Vice Chair Jonathan White. There was also a panel discussion including the likes of Ed Achorn, Joe Fornieri, Ron White, and Harold Holzer, moderated by Erin Carlson Mast. Not to be outdone, there was after-dinner entertainment from Jay Ungar and Molly Mason, the musical team that created the soundtrack to Ken Burns’s Civil War miniseries.

Jay Ungar and Molly Mason

The final day was just as interesting, with Achorn returning to discuss his book about the 1860 Chicago Republican convention, which was given the Harold Holzer Lincoln Forum Book Prize. Then there was Edna Greene Medford in conversation with Matthew Norman, co-author of an amazing compilation of African American voices on Lincoln, followed by a panel discussion featuring Allen Guelzo, Michelle Krowl, Dana Shoaf, and Melissa Winn, moderated by Jonathan White. It didn’t end there – the afternoon featured seven breakout sessions and a tour for first timers.

Lincoln Forum panel

The Lincoln Forum wrapped up its final night with its usual fantastic dinner. But the highlights were a reading of the Gettysburg Address by actor Graham Sibley, that everyone in attendance agreed was the finest rendition of the famous address any of us had ever heard. Then Harold Holzer led a session in conversation with the incomparable Doris Kearns Goodwin and her film production partner, Beth Laski. It was their film for the History Channel that starred Sibley, and it’s easy to see why it was so successful.

Beth Laski and Doris Kearns Goodwin

This conference has become my go-to conference each year in November, and 2023 showed why it has succeeded for 28 years. If you’re into Lincoln, this is the place to be in November. I’ve already put the 29th annual symposium on my 2024 calendar.

[All photos by David J. Kent, 2023]

Fire of Genius

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

No comments

Lincoln Agrees to Speak at Cooper Union, And the Rest is History

  By

Lincoln at Cooper Union, Mathew Brady photographOn this date, November 13, 1859, Abraham Lincoln agreed to give a speech at Cooper Union in lower Manhattan in New York City. History suggests this is the speech that made Lincoln president.

Except he wasn’t actually agreeing to a speech at Cooper Union. In his letter to James A. Briggs, with whom he has previously corresponded about the event, he agreed to give a political speech at what he thought would be the famous Plymouth Church across the river in Brooklyn. Under the leadership of its first minister, Henry Ward Beecher, Plymouth was a center of anti-slavery activism at this time, and speaking there was sure to raise Lincoln’s profile as the still new Republican party moved toward picking its presidential nominee. If the Beecher name sounds familiar, it’s because his sister, Harriet Beecher Stowe, authored perhaps the most influential book of the time, Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

Originally invited to speak in late fall 1859, Lincoln agreed if the date could be pushed off until February to accommodate his political and legal schedule. The final date was set for February 27, 1860. Briggs eventually realized that coaxing an audience across the potentially frigid East River in the dead of winter may be problematic and thus sought to pass off sponsorship of the speech to the Young Men’s Central Republican Union, which moved it back to Manhattan. Considerable confusion arose in communicating this fact and it was only after he arrived in New York that Lincoln understood he would speak at Cooper Union instead of Plymouth Church. He hurriedly edited his speech for what he assumed would be a less religious audience.

I discussed the content of the speech here but suffice to say it went well for Lincoln. Earlier that day he had his photo taken at the studio of Mathew Brady, later acknowledging that the speech and Brady’s photograph made him president.

Having already planned to visit his son Robert at Phillips Exeter Academy after Cooper Union, he graciously accepted an offer to give a speech in Providence, Rhode Island on his way to New Hampshire. That idea quickly escalated into at least a dozen speeches in Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut before he could make his way back to Illinois. This was Lincoln’s second, and last, trip to New England, having stumped through eastern Massachusetts for the successful Whig presidential nominee Zachary Taylor in 1848. This time Lincoln was stumping more on his own behalf and promoting the now Republican party view that slavery must not extend into the western territories. Again, he was well-received, and this time the New England electoral votes were comfortably in Lincoln’s corner (as they would be also in 1864).

As they say, the rest is history. Cooper Union, the Brady photograph, and the release of the Lincoln-Douglas debates in book form all contributed to making Abraham Lincoln the best candidate for president in 1860.

And the war came.

For those looking for more information on the Cooper Union speech, I highly recommend the 2009 book by Lincoln historian Harold Holzer called, aptly enough, Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President.

[Photo by Mathew Benjamin Brady – US Library of Congress, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25065667]

Fire of Genius

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

No comments

Abraham Lincoln’s Use of the Telegraph in the Civil War

  By

Transcontinental telegraphAbraham Lincoln was a big fan of technology and used the telegraph as a war-management tool during the Civil War. The value of the telegraph was reinforced daily. Lincoln received many messages over the new Pacific and Atlantic telegraph that began operation in October of 1861, including one from Governor-Elect Leland Stanford on October 26, 1861 noting, “Today California is but a second’s distance from the national Capital.” Stanford went on to become president of the Central Pacific Railroad, the western leg of the transcontinental railroad system Lincoln signed into existence in 1862. The first transcontinental telegraph message was sent from California Chief Justice Stephen Field in San Francisco to Lincoln in Washington over the Western Union telegraph lines. Lincoln would appoint Field as the newly created tenth U.S. Supreme Court justice.

But first he needed access. When the war started there was no telegraph line running to the War Department offices next to the White House, never mind into the president’s mansion itself.

As the First Battle at Bull Run raged, aging and largely immobile General-in-Chief Winfield Scott took a nap, accustomed to the traditional lack of communication during battles. Lincoln was more intent for news, spending hours in the War Department while army engineers like Andrew Carnegie strung telegraph wires into northern Virginia, never quite reaching the front as men on horseback rushed to deliver information. A year later, at the second battle near Bull Run Creek, Lincoln was actively monitoring telegraph messages as the battle ensued. According to Bates, “when in the telegraph office, Lincoln was most at ease of access. He often talked with the cipher-operators (all messages were put into codes), asking questions about the dispatches which were translating from or into cipher.”

Lincoln was aided by the fact that he appointed Thomas A. Scott, vice president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, as assistant secretary of war, along with Edward S. Sanford, president of the American Telegraph Company, whom he put in charge of military telegraphs. Similar to what he did with railroads using the power of congressional acts, Lincoln effectively nationalized the country’s telegraph network and put it under control of the military. Lincoln used the telegraph sparingly early in the war, sending no more than twenty telegrams throughout 1861. But after taking control in early 1862, Lincoln became an avid reader and sender of telegrams to more actively manage generals in the field, in particular those like McClellan who seemed eager to train troops but not to use them in combat.

Lincoln occasionally used telegrams to vent his frustration, most often at General McClellan. In early October 1862, a month after the Battle of Antietam, with little or no movement on the part of McClellan’s army, Lincoln wrote a long letter that included: “You know I desired . . . you to cross the Potomac below, instead of above the Shenandoah and Blue Ridge. My idea was that this would at once menace the enemies’ communications, which I would seize if he would permit.” He laid out specific goals and strategies regarding cutting off communications, and then should the opportunity exist, “try to beat him to Richmond on the inside track.” All too familiar with McClellan’s tendency not to fight, Lincoln added, “I say ‘try’; if we never try, we shall never succeed.” When McClellan complained about tired horses, Lincoln shot back by telegraph: “I have just read your dispatch about sore tongued and fatigued horses. Will you pardon me for asking what the horses of your army have done since the battle of Antietam that fatigue anything?” Lincoln removed McClellan from command a few weeks later.

Lincoln’s influence on the spread of telegraphy was not finished. In his 1862 Annual Message to Congress, he indicated a preference for connecting the United States with Europe by an Atlantic telegraph, as well as a similar project to extend the Pacific telegraph between San Francisco and the Russian empire. Not only was Lincoln the first to use the telegraph extensively in wartime, he made sure that the telegraph became a key tool of diplomacy and communication in the peacetime that followed.

[Adapted from Lincoln: The Fire of Genius]

[Photo Credits: all by David J. Kent, 2023]

Fire of Genius

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

No comments

Lincoln Sees His First Civil War Balloon

  By

Thaddeus Lowe balloonOn October 4, 1861, Lincoln observed the ascension of a balloon piloted by John LaMountain from General Benjamin Butler’s headquarters at Fort Monroe, Virginia. The balloon passes over Washington and lands 12 miles away in Maryland. While the sanctimonious LaMountain is sometimes accredited with having made the first report of useful intelligence on enemy activity, he was quickly overshadowed by other aeronauts, the Civil War name for balloon pilots.

Lincoln also looked to the skies to give every advantage to Union troops. Researcher Charles M. Evans notes that Pennsylvanian John Wise is often credited with being the first American to make significant contributions to the science of ballooning, including atmospheric conditions and construction. LaMountain had joined Wise in an attempt to cross the Atlantic Ocean in 1859, an attempt that started in St. Louis and got no further than upstate New York before spectacularly crashing in a violent storm. Wise was joined early in the war by James Allen. But it was Thaddeus Lowe who had the most success engaging Lincoln and getting a contract to form an air corps. Lowe hooked up with Smithsonian Secretary Joseph Henry, and together they impressed Lincoln enough to gain his support. Lincoln repeatedly tried to get his first secretary of war, Simon Cameron, and General-in-Chief Winfield Scott to employ Lowe. Lincoln wrote General Scott on July 25, 1861, saying, “Will Lieut. Genl. Scott please see Professor Lowe, once more about his balloon.” When Scott still failed to act, Lincoln reportedly became more assertive, ordering Scott to “facilitate his work in every way.” Lowe eventually fielded a dozen balloons and made over three thousand ascensions using tethered balloons inflated by portable hydrogen gas generators. Lincoln gave Lowe the civilian title of chief aeronaut of the Union Army.

Lowe was an effective self-promoter who knew whose favors to garner. Joseph Henry had gotten him in the front door, Lincoln had gotten him a contract with General Scott, and his greatest use of balloons for reconnaissance was during General McClellan’s Peninsula campaign. To ingratiate himself with McClellan, Lowe put a picture of the general on the back of one of his biggest balloons, the Intrepid. But Lowe used another gimmick—he ran a telegraph line to the tethered balloon to report back in real time enemy troop numbers and movements. To ensure he maintained connection with the highest authority, on June 16, 1861, Lowe lifted his balloon Enterprise up near the White House and sent a telegraph to Lincoln: “This point of observation commands an area near fifty miles in diameter. . . . I have the pleasure of sending you this first dispatch ever telegraphed from an aerial station and in acknowledging indebtedness to your encouragement for the opportunity of demonstrating the availability of the science of aeronautics in the military service of the country.”

There were others who promoted balloons to Lincoln, although he quickly realized that some of them were cranks. Beginning early in 1861 and continuing throughout the Civil War, the prolific Edward L. Tippett sent many letters to Lincoln touting every possible invention, including balloons for warfare. One letter seemed to have caught Lincoln at a bad time in February 1865. In a long rambling letter, Tippett wanted the opportunity to demonstrate to Lincoln “the practicability; by a mathematical problem, easy to understand; of the absolute existence, of a self-moving machine, yet to be developed for the glory of God, and the happiness of the human family.” Unimpressed, Lincoln endorsed the outside of the envelope: “Tippett: Crazy Man.”

[Adapted from Lincoln: The Fire of Genius]

[Photo Credit: Smithsonian Institution archives]

Fire of Genius

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

No comments

Mary and Robert Lincoln Go to Manchester, Vermont

  By

HildeneMary Lincoln hated Washington, especially during the pestilent humidity of the capital city during the heat of summer. It’s the reason President Lincoln moved to the soldier’s home (now President Lincoln’s Cottage) each summer, beginning with 1862 after Willie’s death earlier that year. Mary would take Tad northward, often to New York and into New England, usually to be joined by Robert during his summer break from his studies at Harvard College. In 1863 they traveled to the White Mountains of New Hampshire, then in August of 1864 Robert met his mother and brother in the Green Mountains of Vermont. He intended to return with the president in the summer of 1865, but the assassination kept that from happening. Notwithstanding, the 1864 trip would capture Robert’s fancy enough to return decades later to build his own summer cottage known as Hildene.

On their visit in 1864, the Lincoln family (minus the President, who was busy trying to save the Union), stayed at the Equinox House Hotel in Manchester. Manchester is in southwestern Vermont in Bennington County, home to the Robert Frost Stone House Museum, where the poet wrote some of the poems that garnered him four Pulitzer Prizes. It’s unknown whether Robert Lincoln ever met Robert Frost, although Frost frequented the area in the 1920s when Lincoln was in the final years of his life. In any case, Robert Lincoln had many opportunities to become familiar with the area long after his initial visit with his mother. In the 1890s, he commonly visited his Chicago law partner, Edward S. Isham, who had a large estate called Ormsby Hill just outside of town. Following Isham’s death, Lincoln returned for a two week stay at the Equinox Hotel and decided to buy land – conveniently adjacent to Ormsby Hill – to build “a modest summer place.” He named the resulting 24-room Georgian estate Hildene, combining the Old English words for hill (Hil) and valley (dene), reflecting the highland and lowland portions of the now 412-acre property.

Earlier this year I also traveled to Vermont, roughly following the route Robert would have followed as he made his way from Harvard. Even today the environment remains pristine. It’s no wonder Robert Frost was inspired to write his most famous poem, “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” while living at the Stone House. After a brief pilgrimage to Frost’s house, I moved on to my main goals in Manchester – the Equinox and Hildene.

I had booked a room at the Equinox Golf Resort and Spa because I wanted to feel the presence of Mary, Tad, and Robert as they enjoyed the time away from the constant trials of civil war. The Equinox was expanded in 1980 but retains the original portions where the Lincoln’s stayed. The sprawling, but intensely beautiful, white edifice now sprawls across several buildings while maintaining its historic charm. The Equinox Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It’s impossible not to be awed by the history. My visit to Hildene wasn’t until the next morning so I had time to wander around Manchester to visit the compelling River Walk and Veterans Park, hit up the local independent bookstore (for Lincoln books, of course), and take in a late lunch at the quaint Mystic Restaurant.

When I finally did get to Hildene it was easy to see why Robert Lincoln felt at home there. Built when he was still president of the Pullman sleeping car company, Robert maintained his house in Chicago, then later when he was Secretary of War to two presidents, a house in Washington, D.C. But Hildene was where he went to relax. The home itself is cozy despite its two-dozen rooms (some of which were for his servants). While he did do some work there, he wanted it not as a show house for guests but as a retreat to escape the madness of corporate and government life. He even built himself an observatory where he could gaze at the stars. After Robert’s death in 1926, the house remained in the family, with his granddaughter, Mary Lincoln Beckwith (who everyone called Peggy), the last Lincoln descendant to live at Hildene. She died in 1975, leaving the property (at least briefly) to the Church of Christ, Scientist in accordance with her grandmother’s wishes. It wasn’t long before Hildene was transferred to the nonprofit Friends of Hildene that now owns and runs it.

There is much more about Hildene to talk about, including the Pullman car and goat farm, but I’ll save those for another day. Peggy herself deserves some discussion as she reminds me of another woman I admired, Katharine Hepburn.

[Photo: Hildene, 2023, by David J. Kent]

Fire of Genius

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.