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Abraham Lincoln

You could say I have a passion for Abraham Lincoln.  I have been fascinated by our 16th President since I was a kid. Lincoln was a man of great strength – both physically and in character.  A man who was called to serve his country when his country was trying to rend itself asunder. A man who ultimately gave up his life to save the Union.

This fascination led to an independent career as an Abraham Lincoln historian. Over the years I’ve collected hundreds of books about Abraham Lincoln, though with an estimated 15,000 books written about him I have a long way to go. Having the money to collect more and the shelf space to store more, well, that’s a different question altogether.  As of this writing I have over 1600 titles in my collection. However, a title could be multiple volumes. For example, my 10-volume set of Nicolay and Hay’s “Abraham Lincoln: A History” published in 1890 counts only as one “title.” So the actual number of books is larger.

Some quick numbers:

208++    =     Number of books signed by the author (many directly to me)

545++    =    Number of confirmed first editions

174++      =    Number of first editions that are signed by the author

70+      =    Number of books that have pre-1900 copyright dates

1834  =    Oldest copyright date in my collection

Some of the more notable books are signed copies of Team of Rivals by Doris Kearns Goodwin (the basis for the Steven Spielberg/Daniel Day-Lewis/Sally Field movie) and Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter by Seth Grahame-Smith. I also have signed copies of books by historian Harold Holzer, Carl Sandburg, Osborn Oldroyd, Lloyd Ostendorf, James Swanson, Sidney Blumenthal, and recently deceased (at 100) Richard Current.

My home page posts will highlight my Lincoln-related writing and activity.  Feel free to check back periodically to see what new stories and photos have been added.  Better yet, subscribe to this web site – see the right column on the home page.

 

My newest book is Lincoln: The Fire of Genius, released September 1, 2022, is now available for order through Amazon and elsewhere. Readers will learn through The Fire of Genius how science and technology gradually infiltrated Lincoln’s remarkable life and influenced his growing desire to improve the condition of all men. The book traces this progression from a simple farm boy to a president who changed the world.

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius

 

My earlier book is Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America, from the same publisher who put out my books on Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison. Buy it on Amazon or at Barnes and Noble stores or online at BarnesandNoble.com. You can also order a signed copy on the Buy My Books page.

Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America

 

Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate

 

You can also buy my specialty e-book Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate on Amazon. This e-book takes a look at the amazing connections between these two great men.

Another related activity is the Lincoln Group of the District of Columbia, of which I am currently the President. I’m working to expand our contributions to the community and the education of the public and government on all things Lincoln. Read more about us on our website, Lincolnian.org.

For a full list of my Abraham Lincoln posts click here.

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Lincoln-Douglas Debates: Galesburg

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Lincoln-Douglas Debates GalesburgWith the Ottawa, Freeport, Jonesboro, and Charleston locations in the books, the Lincoln-Douglas Debates took a nearly three-week break before the two men met again for the fifth debate in Galesburg, about 120 miles north Springfield. Galesburg was, and is, the home of Knox College, a private liberal arts college founded in 1837. Originally called Knox Manual Labor College, the school had been organized by George Washington Gale for a colony of Presbyterians and Congregationalists. The name was changed to Knox College only a year before the famed debates, in 1837, presumably to broaden its outreach and because the country was already known as Knox County. Because of its role in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates, the college seemed a natural place to host the Lincoln Studies Center led by Co-Directors Rodney O. Davis and Douglas L. Wilson, whose series of books documenting William Herndon’s sources of Lincoln’s early life have become essential tools in Lincoln scholarship.

With more than 15,000 people jammed onto the Knox campus, Galesburg welcomed the largest crowd for any of the seven debates. Perhaps appropriate for the town’s name, near-gale force winds had battered the area, and a heavy rain had fallen the day before and continued as the stage was being erected. To help protect both speakers and audience, the organizers moved the stage into the shadow of “Old Main,” the largest building on campus. Old Main still exists today and carries two plaques honoring Lincoln and Douglas on its outer walls. To reach the platform that day, Lincoln, Douglas, and other dignitaries needed to enter the front door of the building and crawl out a window. The self-taught Lincoln, according to tradition, joked that “At last I have gone through…college.”

As with all of the debates, the primary issue debated was slavery. Douglas denied there was any wrong in slavery, and in fact, vociferously argued that the government was by and for white people. He attacked Lincoln’s argument that the Declaration of Independence’s “all men are created equal” applied to all men, including Black men. Douglas vehemently reiterated his contrary view that, given the existence of slavery at the time and the fact that Thomas Jefferson and others were slaveholders, clearly the Declaration only applied to white men and that whites were superior to Blacks in all ways. Douglas postulated that given this “natural” disparity (as opposed to forced condition), slavery was not only right, but it was also the natural order and good for all involved.

Lincoln strenuously disagreed:

I confess myself as belonging to that class in the country who contemplate slavery as a moral, social, and political evil [and] desire a policy that looks to the prevention of this wrong and looks hopefully to the time when as a wrong it may come to an end.

Two more debates would occur about a week later, in the Mississippi River towns of Quincy and Alton. More on those in the next post.

[Photos of Old Main and the Lincoln-Douglas plaques by David J. Kent]

 

Fire of Genius

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is Immediate Past President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity andEdison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

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Abraham Lincoln Book Acquisitions For 2023

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Books 2019The year is nearing an end, which means it is time to check in on my Abraham Lincoln book acquisitions for 2023. As with recent years, my goal has been to reduce the number of books I buy. I may have actually ended the year with less books than I started with despite acquiring 37 additional Lincoln (and Lincoln-ish) books. You can read about past years acquisitions by scrolling through this link.

So, how might I have reduced the number of Lincoln books? Mostly because many of the books in the house belong to the Lincoln Group of DC. In addition to our Zoom-based meetings, we had four in-person meetings – three dinners and a luncheon – during the course of the year. At each we either held a raffle or gave away books to our members as a perk of membership. It’s a good chance to get Lincoln books in the hands of a bunch of Lincoln aficionados. We also donated books to the annual Lincoln Forum event in Gettysburg, which allows people to scavenge the donation table. In both cases, any proceeds collected go to our organizations’ support for scholarships. I don’t have a hard count on the number of books but likely it was around a hundred that found new homes. I’ll continue the process in 2024.

Of course, none of that does anything for reducing my personal book collection since I keep the Lincoln Group books separate and they are not listed on my spreadsheet of books owned (which currently has 1,724 rows, with some rows reflecting multiple volume books). I also only count my own books, Lincoln: The Fire of Genius and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America, once even though I still have a box or three of each still available (Hint: I can sign books ordered directly from me).

In 2022 I acquired 34 books, so the 37 new ones in 2023 are in the same ballpark. Both are less than in the years before that. While I managed to purchase fewer books (22 of the 37), those were augmented by 15 books I received as gifts or in trade or from publishers wanting book reviews. The number of free books is smaller because I am no longer on the ALI book award review committee (although maybe I will be again in 2024).

Publication dates of the books acquired range from 1891 (Chittenden’s Recollections on President Lincoln and His Administration, a gift from my cousin; and yes, it is an actual book from 1891) to 2023. Most of the books are new, i.e., published in 2023, which isn’t surprising given that some are from publishers and there were a lot of good books out this year that I just had to own. There were also four each published in 2022 and 2021. Two of the books I acquired were from the Southern Illinois Press’s Concise Lincoln Library series. The series editor won a special Lincoln Forum book award in November for its collection of about 30 volumes on various topics. Even with these two new ones I still have only about half the series. Three new acquisitions are Lincoln-related novels. House of Lincoln delves into the household from a servant’s perspective. Henry and Clara follows the chaotic lives (and deaths) of the couple who accompanied Lincoln to the theater that fateful night. By far the most intriguing was One Must Tell the Bees by J. Lawrence Matthews, in which Sherlock Holmes (yes, that Sherlock Holmes) recounts his previously secret early life in the Civil War solving the riddle of who was stealing gunpowder and tracking down John Wilkes Booth. Blending that with his late in life resolution of yet another mysterious murder in England makes for a clever juxtaposition. Since I’ve always been a Sherlock Holmes fan in addition to Lincoln historian, I was delighted by this well-written and entertaining novel.

Given my science background it shouldn’t surprise anyone that some of the books this year had “science in the Civil War” themes. They include Sand, Science, and the Civil War by Scott Hippensteel, Soldiers, Spies, & Steam by Scott Mingus, and The Science of James Smithson by Steven Turner. There were also books about people who are important to Lincoln’s presidency and the Civil War. Among them are two books on Massachusetts Senator Henry Wilson, a book about James Shields (of almost-duel fame and much more), and Benjamin Butler (the Civil War general and much more). I also picked up a book called No Common Ground by Karen L. Cox about what to do with Confederate monuments. I finished the year with two books by Nancy Spannaus about Alexander Hamilton and the American System of economics. Hamilton Versus Wall Street acquired in February delves into the economic system of internal improvements that Lincoln favored (and I discuss in detail in my Fire of Genius book). Then her newest book in early December, Defeating Slavery, shows how Hamilton’s American System showed the way to ending slavery (and how the abandoning of it by Andrew Jackson and others delayed slavery’s demise and hurt the economy). Both are intensely researched and well written.

There were “big name” books also out in 2023. Long-time NPR host Steve Inskeep’s Differ We Must explores how Lincoln learned from, and dealt with, people with whom he disagreed. Some he convinced to see things his way; others agreed to disagree. Columnist Joshua Zeitz, whose previous book, Lincoln’s Boys, about John Hay and John Nicolay was highly regarded, tackled with less success Lincoln’s views on religion and morality in Lincoln’s God. One of my most recent acquisitions is Brian McGinty’s Lincoln in California, which as the title suggests digs into a topic rarely discussed. I haven’t read this one yet but it’s on the top of my list to start the new year. I also picked up books by Walter Stahr (Stanton), whose tomes on individual members of Lincoln’s cabinet have become iconic, and Sarah Vowell’s fun yet informative Assassination Vacation, an older book following her road trips to the sites surrounding assassinations of Lincoln, Garfield, and McKinley. BTW, for those not familiar with the name, you’ve probably heard Vowell’s voice as Violet in The Incredibles movies, as well as on radio and TV.

By far the most famous and sales-successful book in 2023 was Democracy Awakening by Heather Cox Richardson. HCR, as she is affectionately known by those in the know, is a professor at Boston College who became a household name thanks to her “Letters from an American” series. These daily letters, which appear on her Substack platform and Facebook, welcome millions of followers and have highlighted her exemplary career as an historian and ability to relate history to current events. Democracy Awakening continues her letters’ theme by delving into the attacks on American democracy throughout our history, up to and continuing in the current attempts to replace democracy with an authoritarian regime. The book is breathtaking in its capture of two Americas – one that sees the Constitution as applying to everyone versus one that sees America consisting of those who should lead and those who should just shut up and toil. Her second section on the existential crisis begun around 2016 is simply stunning. All of it impeccably documented. This is a must-read book.

As you can see in the list that follows my signature block below, I acquired many more notable books in 2023.

I will likely continue my attempt to reduce the number of books in 2024, although I’m sure to acquire a lot of new ones to offset the losses. I’m always doing research for possible new books I want to write, so some of the acquisitions may reflect that goal as well as my inability to stay away from the big new books of the year (one of which I know I’ll get is Harold Holzer’s latest, Brought Forth on This Continent, about Lincoln and American Immigration, due out in February). I have only a couple more weeks left in 2023 to find the shelf space. Wish me luck.

See the 2023 list showing author/title/publication date below my signature blurb below.

Fire of Genius

 

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

 

Here is the 2022 list! [Author, Title, Date of Publication]

Abbott, Richard H. Cobbler in Congress: The Life of Henry Wilson, 1812-1875 1972
Callan, J.P. Sean Courage and Country: James Shields, More Than Irish Luck 2004
Chittenden, L.E. Recollections of President Lincoln and His Administration 1891
Cox, Karen L. No Common Ground: Confederate Monuments and the Ongoing Fight for Racial Justice 2021
Dirck, Brian Lincoln and the Constitution 2012
Farrow, Anne, Lang, Joel, and Frank, Jenifer Complicity: How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and Profited from Slavery 2005
Hippensteel, Scott Sand, Science, and the Civil War: Sedimentary Geology and Combat 2023
Horan, Nancy The House of Lincoln 2023
Hord, Fred Lee and Norman, Matthew D. Knowing Him By Heart: African Americans on Abraham Lincoln 2023
Inskeep, Steve Differ We Must: How Lincoln Succeeded in a Divided America 2023
Kaplan, Fred Lincoln and the Abolitionists: John Quincy Adams, Slavery, and the Civil War 2017
Lapisardi, Emily (Ed.) Rose Greenhow’s My Imprisonment 2021
Leonard, Elizabeth D. Benjamin Franklin Butler: A Noisy, Fearless Life 2022
Mallon, Thomas Henry and Clara: A Novel 1994
Matthews, J. Lawrence One Must Tell the Bees: Abraham Lincoln and the Final Education of Sherlock Holmes 2021
McCreary, Donna D. Mary Lincoln Demystified: Frequently Asked Questions about Abraham’s Wife 2022
McGinty, Brian Lincoln & Califonia: The President, the War, and the Golden State 2023
McKay, Ernest Henry Wilson: Practical Radical, A Portrait of a Politician 1971
Miller, Lillian et al The Lazzaroni: Science and Scientists in Mid-Nineteenth Century Ameica 1972
Mingus, Scott Soldiers, Spies & Steam: A History of the Northern Central Railway in the Civil War 2016
O’Connor, Thomas H. Lords of the Loom: The Cotton Whigs and the Coming of the Civil War 1968
Page, Elwin L., Introduced and updated by Pride, Mike Abraham Lincoln in New Hampshire 2009
Richardson, Heather Cox Democracy Awakening: Notes on the State of America 2023
Rodrique, John C. Lincoln and Reconstruction 2013
Sher, Julian The North Star: Canada and the Civil War Plots Against Lincoln 2023
Silver, David M. Lincoln’s Supreme Court 1998
Soini, Wayne Abraham Lincoln, American Prince: Ancestry, Ambition and the Anti-Slavery Cause 2022
Spannous, Nancy Bradeen Hamilton Versus Wall Street: The Core Principles of the American System of Economics 2019
Spannous, Nancy Bradeen Defeating Slavery: Hamilton’s American System Showed the Way 2023
Stahr, Walter Stanton: Lincoln’s War Secretary 2017
Steers, Edward Jr. The Lincoln Tree: 300 Years of Lincoln Ancestry, 1500 to 1837 2023
Stewart, Whitney Hildene: The Lincoln Family Home, Values into Action 2019
Thomson, David K. Bonds of War: How Civil War Financial Agents Sold the World on the Union 2022
Turner, Steven The Science of James Smithson: Discoveries from the Smithsonian Founder 2020
Vowell, Sarah Assassination Vacation 2005
Wasik, John F. Lincolnomics: How President Lincoln Constructed the Great American Economy 2021
Zeitz, Joshua Lincoln’s God: How Faith Transformed a President and a Nation 2023
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Abraham Lincoln’s Use of the Telegraph in the Civil War

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Transcontinental telegraphAbraham Lincoln was a big fan of technology and used the telegraph as a war-management tool during the Civil War. The value of the telegraph was reinforced daily. Lincoln received many messages over the new Pacific and Atlantic telegraph that began operation in October of 1861, including one from Governor-Elect Leland Stanford on October 26, 1861 noting, “Today California is but a second’s distance from the national Capital.” Stanford went on to become president of the Central Pacific Railroad, the western leg of the transcontinental railroad system Lincoln signed into existence in 1862. The first transcontinental telegraph message was sent from California Chief Justice Stephen Field in San Francisco to Lincoln in Washington over the Western Union telegraph lines. Lincoln would appoint Field as the newly created tenth U.S. Supreme Court justice.

But first he needed access. When the war started there was no telegraph line running to the War Department offices next to the White House, never mind into the president’s mansion itself.

As the First Battle at Bull Run raged, aging and largely immobile General-in-Chief Winfield Scott took a nap, accustomed to the traditional lack of communication during battles. Lincoln was more intent for news, spending hours in the War Department while army engineers like Andrew Carnegie strung telegraph wires into northern Virginia, never quite reaching the front as men on horseback rushed to deliver information. A year later, at the second battle near Bull Run Creek, Lincoln was actively monitoring telegraph messages as the battle ensued. According to Bates, “when in the telegraph office, Lincoln was most at ease of access. He often talked with the cipher-operators (all messages were put into codes), asking questions about the dispatches which were translating from or into cipher.”

Lincoln was aided by the fact that he appointed Thomas A. Scott, vice president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, as assistant secretary of war, along with Edward S. Sanford, president of the American Telegraph Company, whom he put in charge of military telegraphs. Similar to what he did with railroads using the power of congressional acts, Lincoln effectively nationalized the country’s telegraph network and put it under control of the military. Lincoln used the telegraph sparingly early in the war, sending no more than twenty telegrams throughout 1861. But after taking control in early 1862, Lincoln became an avid reader and sender of telegrams to more actively manage generals in the field, in particular those like McClellan who seemed eager to train troops but not to use them in combat.

Lincoln occasionally used telegrams to vent his frustration, most often at General McClellan. In early October 1862, a month after the Battle of Antietam, with little or no movement on the part of McClellan’s army, Lincoln wrote a long letter that included: “You know I desired . . . you to cross the Potomac below, instead of above the Shenandoah and Blue Ridge. My idea was that this would at once menace the enemies’ communications, which I would seize if he would permit.” He laid out specific goals and strategies regarding cutting off communications, and then should the opportunity exist, “try to beat him to Richmond on the inside track.” All too familiar with McClellan’s tendency not to fight, Lincoln added, “I say ‘try’; if we never try, we shall never succeed.” When McClellan complained about tired horses, Lincoln shot back by telegraph: “I have just read your dispatch about sore tongued and fatigued horses. Will you pardon me for asking what the horses of your army have done since the battle of Antietam that fatigue anything?” Lincoln removed McClellan from command a few weeks later.

Lincoln’s influence on the spread of telegraphy was not finished. In his 1862 Annual Message to Congress, he indicated a preference for connecting the United States with Europe by an Atlantic telegraph, as well as a similar project to extend the Pacific telegraph between San Francisco and the Russian empire. Not only was Lincoln the first to use the telegraph extensively in wartime, he made sure that the telegraph became a key tool of diplomacy and communication in the peacetime that followed.

[Adapted from Lincoln: The Fire of Genius]

[Photo Credits: all by David J. Kent, 2023]

Fire of Genius

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

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A Controversial Abraham Lincoln Statue – No, Not That One

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Lincoln Trilogy close upAbraham Lincoln is the most memorialized president in American history, in terms of the number of monuments and statues in all fifty states and the U.S. territories. According to the National Monument Audit completed in 2021, there were 193 Lincoln monuments in America, followed by George Washington at 171, Christopher Columbus at 149, and Martin Luther King Jr. with 86. Those numbers keep changing – several new Lincoln statues have gone up in 2023 alone, and statues to Columbus and Confederate General Robet E. Lee are being removed. But Lincoln is likely to continue to have the most statues. That said, not all of them are great. Some of them are downright controversial.

Among the controversial ones are Thomas Ball’s Emancipation Memorial, aka the Freedman’s Memorial, in Lincoln Park, Washington, DC. From its dedication in 1876, its visual depiction of a standing Lincoln and a kneeling African American man beginning to rise from enslavement, the statue has been problematic. A copy of it was removed from its pedestal in Boston during the protests of 2020, while activists attempted to have it taken down in Washington (a bill to have it removed has been introduced by DC Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton). The fact that it was paid for entirely from funds raised by the formerly enslaved and that Frederick Douglass keynoted the dedication has not kept the discomfort at bay. Meanwhile, the so-called “belly-ache” statue by George Grey Barnard was vehemently attacked by none other than Robert T. Lincoln, the only living son of Lincoln. Robert successfully kept a copy of that statue from being placed in London. The original did get placed in Lytle Park in Cincinnati, with the copy going off to Manchester, England while a copy of Chicago’s Augustus Saint-Gaudens statue is now featured prominently in Parliament Square, London.

Which gets us back to Vermont. Yes, Vermont.

During my recent travels in New England I stopped at Hildene, which I’ll have more about later. Down the road in Bennington, Vermont is the Bennington Museum, in front of which stands a Lincoln grouping called “The Lincoln Trilogy,” although it is also known by a reimagined name, “The American Spirit.” At first glance you can see why the statue is controversial.

Lincoln Trilogy, Bennington Museum, Vermont

Lincoln stands fully clothed, complete with a heavy cape and top hat. Sitting at his feet is a barely covered female figure looking up to him from his waist. He has his hand on her head. His other hand grasps the head of a small boy, unclothed and standing below him. The juxtaposition of the three figures is jarring, at best, even after taking a while to examine it. What could the artist have been thinking?

For one, the artist was not originally thinking the three figures were designed to be placed together.

The standing figure of the boy is called Fils de France, designed independently in 1918 to reflect a young boy gazing intently into the distance symbolizing rebirth of France following the devastation of World War I. The female figure was also produced in 1918 and in response to the War. Called Nirvana, the statue was originally completely nude, the woman’s attitude of tranquility personified the Buddhist concept of nirvana as a spiritual emancipation from passion, hatred, and delusion. Both individual statues are inside the Museum. They follow the stylistic tradition of idealized nude figures developed by the ancient Greeks and Romans. The Lincoln statue provides a stark contrast. One of many Lincoln statues the artist, Clyde du Vernet Hunt, created in his lifetime, it reflects a tribute to Lincoln as an actual historical figure. Hunt revered Lincoln as an idealist, humanitarian, and emancipator, which he tried to capture in the powerfully majestic pose of the statue. Each statue was designed to stand on its own merits and meanings.

Clyde du Vernet Hunt was born in Scotland to American parents traveling in Europe. His grandfather had been a U.S. Congressman and his father served in the adjutant-general’s department during the Civil War. Clyde Hunt studied engineering and art and maintained a studio in Paris and home in Vermont. Hunt was invited to exhibit his work at the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Paris in 1918, a remarkable achievement for an American artist. He submitted his bronze Fils de France (the boy sculpture) and the marble Nirvana (the woman sculpture), both of which received favorable reviews. A decade later, the Societe des Artistes Francais asked him to participate in the exclusive Paris Salon. He created a large plaster group combining the Lincoln statue with the figures of Nirvana and Fils de France. Lincoln and the boy are exact duplicates of the original versions, but Hunt enlarged the female figure of Nirvana and discretely draped the nude female for inclusion in the grouping. [How discrete the draping is a matter of opinion]. Hunt entitled the grouping simply “Lincoln” for the Paris Salon but envisioned it as representing the ideals of Faith (Nirvana), Hope (Fils de France), and Charity (Lincoln, from his “charity for all and malice toward none”). Within this context back in the states, the Fils de France was reinterpreted as “young America.”

The Museum admits that the intellectual concept behind the Lincoln Trilogy was more successful than the visual relationship of the three figures. Even they admit the combination of three distinctly individual sculptures of differing scale and spatial orientation is “somewhat awkward.” After returning to the US in 1938, Hunt cast the trilogy in bronze for display at the New York World’s Fair. Hunt’s heirs presented the bronze trilogy to the Bennington Museum in 1949, where the director of the museum appended the title “The American Spirit” to the statues, an interpretation influenced by the nationalism of the 1940s. So whereas one of the statues depicts a Civil War president, and two of the statues were influenced by World War I, the reinterpretation and retitling came about due to World War II.

Despite the controversy, the statue grouping is worth a visit. The Bennington Museum is a short drive from Robert T. Lincoln’s summer home at Hildene, so definitely put it on your agenda if you’re in the area.

[Photos by David J. Kent]

 

Fire of Genius

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

 

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Climate Influenced Abraham Lincoln’s Move From Kentucky to Indiana

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Lincoln at JonesboroEl Nino is officially here, which usually means warmer temperatures across much of the United States and Canada. But did you know that changes in the climate in 1816 influenced Abraham Lincoln’s move from Kentucky to Indiana?

The Lincoln family was living on the Knob Creek farm in northern Kentucky in 1816. The farm contained only three small fields in a valley surrounded by high hills, thus subject to repeated flooding after heavy rain. Abe remembered a time that summer in which his father was planting corn while Abe dropped pumpkin seeds into nearby furrows. A week later: “there came a big rain in the hills, it did not rain a drop in the valley, but the water coming down through the gorges washed ground, corn, pumpkin seeds and all clear off the field.” This incident taught Abe a brutal lesson in farming: one poorly timed deluge could disrupt an entire summer’s crop. Of course, drought could have similarly devastating effects, as could insect infestation or poor soil quality. Rarely was there a year without calamity.

Not long after this, Thomas lost three-quarters of his land, “partly on account of slavery,” but mostly because of Kentucky’s inadequate surveying and land title system. Although only seven years old at the time, Lincoln could sense the importance of skilled surveyors, a lesson he carried into manhood. He likely also noticed another scientific factor influencing the Lincoln family’s decision to move to greener pastures—climatic extremes.

That summer of 1816 brought unusually severe cold to the Lincolns’ drafty log cabin. Deep freezes, each lasting a week in June, July, and August, stunted crops. The end of summer brought two killer frosts that killed off much of what was left of the year’s growth. Crop failures led to hoarding and hunger. Prices for agricultural commodities such as wheat, vegetables, meat, butter, milk, and flour soared. Animals, both wild and domesticated, scraped by on inadequate forage. It was a terrible year for farmers.

The “year without a summer” was so extensive that widespread cold and famine spread across the United States, Asia, and Europe, with history-changing effects. Farmers in New England gave up and moved west, beginning a process of westward migration that altered the course of the growing nation. Loss of crops in the Yunnan province of China led family farms to switch to the more durable and profitable opium crop, giving rise to the “Golden Triangle” of opium production. In Switzerland, the damp dreariness of Lake Geneva kept nineteen-year-old Mary Wollstonecraft inside a chalet with future husband Percy Shelley and prominent poet Lord Byron. Challenged to while away the bleakness by writing ghost stories, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley brought to life a creation called Frankenstein: Or, The Modern Prometheus.

No one understood it at the time, but modern scientists now know the disruption was caused by a geological phenomenon half a world away. Mount Tambora, a massive volcano on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa, erupted in early April 1815, reducing the volcanic peak’s height from over 14,000 feet to less than 10,000 in seconds. The colossal eruption destroyed local villages, killing over 10,000 people, while spewing 100 cubic kilometers of molten rock, ash, and pumice over 800 miles away. Ten times the explosive power of the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa (made more famous by the invention of the telegraph), Tambora sent toxic clouds into the atmosphere that affected global climate patterns for several years. By the spring and summer of 1816, a persistent sulfate aerosol veil often described as a “dry fog” settled in over the eastern United States.

Tambora’s climate-altering effect on top of the recent crop losses solidified Thomas’s tentative deliberations, and the Lincolns moved to Indiana in December. After the rough year, November and December proved mercifully warmer than normal, again a lingering effect of the Mount Tambora eruption.

[Adapted from Lincoln: The Fire of Genius]

[Photo by David J. Kent, Jonesboro, IL]

 

Fire of Genius

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

 

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Abraham Lincoln and the Portrait Painter

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On June 13, 1860, the newly selected Republican nominee for president, Abraham Lincoln fidgeted as he attempted to sit still for a portrait artist. The painting by Thomas Hicks is considered the first portrait oil painting ever of the man who would soon become our sixteenth president. Hicks had come to Springfield to capture the likeness of the rough, western lawyer that would preside over America’s greatest trial. It would be one of many portraits, both in painting and in the still new technology of photography, that Lincoln would sit for in his life.

While he sat, Illinois attorney Orville Hickman Browning “spent a portion of the day with Lincoln talking to him whilst Mr Hicks worked upon his portrait.” Browning recalled, “[Hicks] completed it this P. M. In my judgment it is an exact, life like likeness, and a beautiful work of art. It is deeply imbued with the intellectual and spiritual, and I doubt whether any one ever succeeds in getting a better picture of the man.”

Thomas Hicks was born in Newtown, Pennsylvania, a rural enclave closer to Trenton, New Jersey than it is to Philadelphia. He quickly showed his talent, moving to New York when he was fifteen to study at the National Academy of Design, where his first major painting, “The Death of Abel,” was exhibited in 1841. A few years later he moved to Europe and studied in London, Paris, Florence, and Rome, before returning to New York four years later and beginning a successful career as a portrait painter. He would go on to paint some of the most iconic figures of the period, including Henry Ward Beecher, Harriet Beecher Stowe, William Cullen Bryant, Margaret Fuller, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and perhaps most ironically, Edwin Booth. But his most famous portrait is his painting of Abraham Lincoln.

Made more famous by its wide distribution as an engraving, the original painting is now exhibited at the Chicago Historical Society. I visited there several years ago and took the below photo. Unfortunately, the painting has a glass cover and it’s impossible to get a photograph of it without glare from the exhibit lighting.

 

Hicks became a philanthropist during his highly successful painting career, although he has been largely forgotten since his death in 1890. Mostly this is because his portraiture style had become out-of-date and photography had become so popular that painted portraits were being obsolete, except by the very wealthy.

Lincoln, of course, has been the subject of many paintings, at least 131 photographs of various styles, and hundreds (or thousands) of statues and busts around the world. Hicks may have faded from memory, but his post-nomination portrait helped get Lincoln’s face known to a curious general public ahead of the 1860 election.

[Photo by David J. Kent]

 

Fire of Genius

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America is available at booksellers nationwide.

Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review on Goodreads and Amazon if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

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Abraham Lincoln’s Scientific Approach to the Civil War

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Coast Survey Slavery MapLincoln took a scientific approach to military strategy. The Anaconda plan’s focus was on securing the coastlines and the Mississippi River. Recognizing New Orleans as the hub of the cotton trade and commerce, Lincoln saw it as the first port to be targeted for blockade. He also hoped to block southern ship traffic from Charleston, South Carolina to cut off Confederate attempts to woo Great Britain and France to their side. Helping him make this happen was Alexander Dallas Bache and the Coast Survey. The Coast Survey had been authorized by Thomas Jefferson, and Bache, who was Benjamin Franklin’s great-grandson, was quick to send nautical charts of the Chesapeake Bay to Lincoln. He also forwarded two terrestrial maps produced by the Survey that had far-reaching influence on Lincoln’s decisions on emancipation and military strategy.

The first map was of the state of Virginia. A relatively new technique of color-coded shading was used to show the percentage of enslaved population in each county based on the 1860 census. The darker shaded counties reflecting higher percentages of enslaved persons were primarily in the tidewater region and toward the southern part of the state. The mountainous western counties held only small percentages of enslaved. That told Lincoln the western counties were less likely to support the insurrection, and indeed, those counties rejoined the Union as the new state of West Virginia.

The second map showed the entire slaveholding portion of the country. Lincoln quickly recognized that the four “border” states—Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware—had relatively few slaves in most of their counties. That fact helped inform Lincoln’s strategies to retain the border states in the Union, including proposals for gradual compensated emancipation in an effort to stimulate the process of freeing the enslaved. The map also clearly showed that eastern Tennessee had relatively few slaves, which again allowed him to target that region for initial military and diplomatic forays in the hope many of the residents would retain their Union sentiments. Also clear was that the highest densities of enslaved populations were in the cotton belt of the deep South and along the Mississippi River borders of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Arkansas, where over 90 percent of the populations of some counties were enslaved. The map reinforced the importance of capturing New Orleans to cut off the main supply and transport line for the Confederate economy. Controlling the Mississippi was the key to the war, which “could never be brought to a close until that key is in our pocket.” It also reinforced the belief that the deep South was so dependent on slavery it would never willingly give it up. Lincoln found this second map especially fascinating, according to Francis Carpenter, who spent six months at the White House preparing his famous painting, “First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Lincoln.” Carpenter added the southern slavery map to the lower right corner of his painting, reflecting its significance to the decision-making process.

[Adapted from Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America, now available at booksellers everywhere.]

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius

 

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America was released on September 1, 2022.

The book is available for purchase at all bookseller outlets. Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

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Up Close and Personal – The Lincolnian Interview, Part 1

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Lincoln Group of DCI was interviewed in the summer 2022 issue of The Lincolnian, the newsletter of the Lincoln Group of DC. The Lincolnian is sent to all Lincoln Group members quarterly (if you’re not a member, you can become one here). Below is Part 1 of the interview entitled “Up Close and Personal with Lincoln Group President David J. Kent.” The focus was on my new book, Lincoln: The Fire of Genius. The interviewer was Wendy Swanson, editor of The Lincolnian.

Your new book – Lincoln: The Fire of Genius – is due out soon and we will be celebrating its launch party at our September meeting.  Tell us a bit about the publication.  What inspired you to write the book?  What are the major themes/topics?  Who is the targeted audience?  Does one need a background in science to gain optimal benefit from reading the book?

Over my long career as a scientist, I noticed the scientific way Abraham Lincoln approached problem solving. As I dug deeper, I could see the thread of science and technology running through his life. The book extracts this thread and we see how fundamental it became to his overarching goal of “bettering his condition” as well as giving everyone – not just the wealthy elite – an equal chance in the race of life.

I look at this theme in each major aspect of his life – growing up on the farm, expanding interests as he plied the rivers and picked up technical trades and an education, how he became a go-to lawyer for patent and technology cases and his work for the railroads, and then of course in the Civil War. But I also look at his passion for internal improvements, “the science of slavery,” and the deep knowledge behind his science lectures. The book is targeted to those who know the basic story of Lincoln’s life, but don’t realize how much science and technology was woven into it. That said, the writing is breezy, not technical. It’s about Lincoln and his times, not an attempt to impress readers with technical jargon.

What do you aim to accomplish for your audience with this book?  Are there lessons to be learned from Lincoln from this work?  If so, what are they and how can they be applied in our daily lives?

I want readers to appreciate how science and technology helped drive progress during the 19th century, and how Lincoln’s appreciation for them helped not only to improve his own life but the lives of all Americans. In today’s age where science and scientists are disdained by “Google U.” instant “experts,” it’s important to see how Lincoln and others saw science as a benefit to humanity. When Lincoln didn’t understand something, he studied it until he did. We can all learn from that intellectual ethic.

How long did it take you to complete this work?  The topic sounds as if it could be quite technical?  What research did you undertake in order to write the book- and how much time/or how long did your research take?

I started toying with the primordial idea over a decade ago while I was working as a scientist in Europe. I refined the idea over several years while sidetracked into writing books on Tesla, Edison, and my Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America book. I immersed myself in the LOC, NARA, the Presidential Library in Springfield, and dozens of smaller libraries pulling on the loose threads of science and technology that wove the tapestry of his life. Visiting the places Lincoln lived and worked gave insights libraries can’t provide. My science background let me draw insights most people would miss.

Did you learn anything new – if so, what most surprised you about what you learned?

I was surprised by how much science Lincoln knew. His command of mathematics is far beyond his professed “cypherin’ to the rule of three.” He was an astronomy buff. He understood more hydrology, ecology, physics, and engineering than most people give him credit for. He thought scientifically in such a way to become a strategic thinker far beyond most of his peers.

What do most folks not know relative to Lincoln and science/technology? What do you think readers will be most surprised to learn? Will they gain a different perspective on Lincoln from reading this book?  Explain.

His focus was to bring science and technology to the masses. Thomas Jefferson could possibly be considered a “scientist” in the sense of his day. Lincoln was no scientist by any sense, but his scientific and logical thinking helped him encourage the growing technologies of his time. Jefferson made himself a better clock and a writing table; Lincoln sought to improve the lives of the farming and working classes of Americans. Readers will absolutely come away with a different perspective on Lincoln.

Part 2 has more of the interview. The Lincolnian is the official quarterly newsletter of the Lincoln Group of DC. Lincolnian.org is the group’s website, so check it out. Membership is open to everyone who has an interest in Abraham Lincoln.

P.S. I was also interviewed by The Lincolnian in 2017 when my earlier book was released. You can read more about that book, Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America, in Part 1 and Part 2.

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius

 

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America was released on September 1, 2022.

The book is available for purchase at all bookseller outlets. Limited signed copies are available via this website. The book also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. Please leave a review if you like the book.

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America and Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America.

His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

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Abraham Lincoln on the Value of Science

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Lincoln RoomAbraham Lincoln understood the value of science to ordinary Americans.

Lincoln’s life spanned one of the greatest periods of scientific and technological growth in our national history. Lincoln not only lived through it, he recognized and encouraged it. Most know he grew up on farms, but not how much science he learned there. Most know his formal education “did not amount to one year,” but not how his self-study led to an understanding and skill in mathematics far above his peers. Most know he completed two flatboat trips, but not the extent of his life on the waters. Many have heard he is the only president with a patent, but not how he pressed for technological improvements that would change the face of the Midwest, and in the process growing Chicago from a tiny lakeside hamlet into a pivotal hub for transportation and economic development. Some may know about his life as a lawyer on the circuit, but not how he set legal precedents critical to the future of westward American expansion. We know he emancipated enslaved people, but not how science and technology facilitated the expansion of slavery in the United States, and Lincoln’s struggles to contain it.

The state of science in early nineteenth century United States was far behind that of Europe. Most American men of science received their training by studying with the great scientists in Germany, England, or France. Science was the realm of the elite, wealthy men with the money and leisure time to spend hours studying what was often esoteric, of little value to the immediate needs of the majority of Americans. Most pure science never trickled down to the masses. In fact, Europeans and some eastern United States scientists saw little need to bring science to the public, who they felt were too ignorant and incapable to make use of it. Renowned scientists like James Hall, James Dana, John Torrey, and Asa Gray all preferred writing for other scientists only, the “ivory tower” in which scientific jargon limited comprehension only to those trained in the particular fields of endeavor. To satisfy the “vulgar appetites of the people,” James Dana complained, required science to be “diluted and mixed with a sufficient amount of the spirit of the age.” Some exceptions like mathematician Elias Loomis felt that the “scientific taste of the community” was important to cultivate. Others such as Louis Agassiz conducted public lectures, believing that education of the masses was an overall benefit to society. But mostly, science was a luxury of the leisure class.

Many politicians also thought America was becoming too democratic, that too much power was devolving to the masses. The aging Charles Carroll, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, warned Alexis de Tocqueville in 1831 that “a mere democracy is but a mob.” He disdained the masses and longed for the “old aristocratic institutions” that helped make him wealthy and politically powerful. Lincoln felt differently. While he would himself warn against the dangers of mob rule, he joined former president James Madison in his faith in the people’s power of self-government.

Lincoln was not a scientist. He was not even the first president to have an interest in science. Thomas Jefferson was more of an inventor, concocting everything from clocks, a revolving bookstand, a plow, and scientific instruments, although he never obtained any patents. Jefferson, like George Washington before him, did some surveying, a hobby that Lincoln would learn as a trade early in his adult life. Jefferson also kept meticulous records of the weather around Monticello, his Virginia estate. Jefferson’s scientific knowledge was unequalled in his time. But Jefferson believed the economy should be primarily based on agriculture. While he claimed to envision “the rolling out of a republic in which small independent farmers would become foot-soldiers of the infant nation and the guardians of its liberty,” in reality he owned a large plantation and enslaved more than six hundred men, women, and children in his lifetime. Slave labor enabled Jefferson the privilege of intellectual pursuit. Jefferson may have been more of a scientist than Lincoln, but Jefferson saw science as a benefit for the few while Lincoln saw its potential to benefit the many.

Lincoln had more in common with our sixth president, John Quincy Adams. Adams was not a scientist himself but wrote a treatise on the reform of weights and measures. His nearly religious promotion of astronomical observatories helped create the study of astronomy in America, pushing in an 1843 oration the practical value of astronomy. He reminded humanity to look “heavenward” as if “the special purpose of their creation” was “observation of the stars.” During his tenure as a congressman following his presidency, Adams fought against both anti-British and anti-federalist biases to get the Smithson bequest devoted to scientific research. Like Adams, Lincoln saw science and technology as something that could improve the lives of all Americans. He saw a mechanism by which all men could better their condition.

[The above is adapted from the Introduction of my forthcoming book, Lincoln: The Fire of Genius: How Abraham Lincoln’s Commitment to Science and Technology Helped Modernize America.]

There is still time to win one of ten free print copies of Lincoln: The Fire of Genius on Goodreads. Click here and follow the directions to Enter the Giveaway!

Lincoln: The Fire of Genius will be officially released on September 1st. You can pre-order it on the websites of Rowman & Littlefield, Amazon, Barnes & Noble, your favorite independent bookstore, and everywhere else books are sold.

Want to come to a book signing? Check out my scheduled events (more being added daily).

Fire of GeniusRelease date for Lincoln: The Fire of Genius is September 1, 2022.

While you’re here, check out the various posts on Lincolnian.org related to our recent Lincoln Memorial Centennial program. For those who missed it, C-SPAN will be replaying the event at 3 pm on June 18th on CSPAN2.

The book is available for pre-order on the Rowman & Littlefield website (Lyons Press is a trade imprint of Rowman). You can also pre-order it on Amazon and Barnes and Noble (click on the respective links to pre-order). Release date is scheduled for September 1, 2022.

The book is also listed on Goodreads, the database where I keep track of my reading. Click on the “Want to Read” button to put it on your reading list. That will also ensure you get informed of the release date AND will let you try for one of ten free hardcover copies of the book that I’ll be giving away. I’ll also be giving away as many as a hundred e-books. [The book will also be put out on audio]

You also follow my author page on Facebook.

I’ll have much more about the book over the next few months, so join my mailing list here to keep informed.

David J. Kent is President of the Lincoln Group of DC and the author of Lincoln: The Man Who Saved America. His previous books include Tesla: The Wizard of Electricity and Edison: The Inventor of the Modern World and two specialty e-books: Nikola Tesla: Renewable Energy Ahead of Its Time and Abraham Lincoln and Nikola Tesla: Connected by Fate.

Check out my Goodreads author page. While you’re at it, “Like” my Facebook author page for more updates!